Medication recommendation system and method for treating migraine

ABSTRACT

Method and System for providing a medical drug recommendation. Time and location data is read from received client data. Weather data is retrieved based on the time and location data and the weather data is stored in a user data set. A medical drug recommendation is computed from a user data set that comprises migraine event data by using a statistical model. Furthermore, a server is prepared to provide medical drug recommendations, wherein a statistical model for delivering a medical drug recommendation is adjusted by providing user data as input data to a statistical model, the user data sets comprising migraine events.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of and claims the benefit of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/302,796, titled “MEDICATION RECOMMENDATIONSYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING MIGRAINE,” filed by Nicholas LaurentParis, et al. on May 12, 2021, which application is a Continuation ofand claims the benefit of PCT Application Serial No. IB2019/059692,titled “MEDICATION RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATINGMIGRAINE,” filed by HEALINT PTE. LTD. on Nov. 12, 2019, whichapplication claims priority to United Kingdom Application Serial No. GB1818360.8, titled “MEDICATION RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM AND METHOD FORTREATING MIGRAINE,” filed by HEALINT PTE. LTD. on Nov. 12, 2018.

This application incorporates the entire contents of the foregoingapplication(s) herein by reference.

The present specification relates to an automated drug recommendationsystem.

Migraine is a prevalent neurological disease, affecting 39 millionpeople in the United States and 1 billion worldwide (Migraine ResearchFoundation (2018)). However, according to the same information sourcethere are fewer than 500 certified headache specialists in the UnitedStates. In situations in which there is a scarcity of migraine-relatedmedical resources and a disproportion between specialized doctors andpatients this can lead to prolonged waiting times for appointments, todifficulties in migraine diagnosis and failure to prevent and treatmigraines. With rising awareness of physical health and development oftechnology on the other hand, people are increasingly motivated to tracktheir health statistics using smart devices.

The present specification provides an improved medication recommender,an improved method for providing a medication recommendation and animproved system for providing the medication recommendation, inparticular for people affected by migraine.

In a first aspect, the current specification provides a method, and aserver device for providing an improved recommended medication to auser. Among others, this provides a solution to the technical problem ofimproving a prediction accuracy of a migraine prediction model with theaid of user input data relating to migraine events, and pressure data.

Further input data such as other environment data gained by environmentsensor or sensors measuring a user body condition can also be used toimprove prediction accuracy. Furthermore, a solution is provided toobtain weather data, and especially pressure data, by using time andlocation data from a client device and retrieving the correspondingpressure data from a weather server. The location data can be obtainedby using a location sensor of the client device, for example a satellitenavigation system, such as GPS, or a receiver of location messages of acommunication network and the location data can be obtained by acomputer clock of the client device. A pressure condition can contributeto a migraine event and is thereby useful to improve a predictionaccuracy of a statistical model.

According to this method, a computer readable program is executed or runon a server. In other words, the method is a computer implementedmethod, which is implemented by the computer readable program. Amongothers, the computer readable comprises a statistical model and a modeladjuster for adjusting the statistical model.

The program receives client data from a client application that isinstalled on a client device, such as a mobile phone or other mobilecomputing device. The client data comprises time data and location data.The location data indicates a position of a client device of a user ofthe client device, and the time data indicates an onset of a migraineevent of the user. The time data can be input by the user or it can alsobe determined by means of a sensor.

Furthermore, the program sends a data retrieval message to a weatherdata server. In one embodiment, the weather data server comprises adatabase with weather data. The data retrieval message comprises thepreviously received time data and location data.

The weather data server retrieves weather data that corresponds to thetime data and the location data, for example by comparing the time dataand the location data with values in the weather database.

Furthermore, the computer readable program receives the weather datafrom the weather data server. In particular, the weather data comprisesatmospheric pressure data that corresponds to the time data and thelocation data, and which is useful to as migraine event data to predictan outcome when a medication is provided to the user.

The computer readable program creates a user data set which comprisesthe client data and atmospheric pressure data. Furthermore, the computerreadable program generates a recommended medication based on the clientdata and the atmospheric pressure data using the statistical model andoutputs a recommendation message to the client device of the user. Therecommendation message comprising the recommended medication.

In a further step, the computer readable program sends a request messageto the client device. The request message contains a first questionwhether the user took a medication according to the recommendationmessage, and a second question whether the medication was successful.

In a later step, the computer readable program receives a responsemessage to the request message from the client device.

If the response message indicates that the medication was notsuccessful: the recommendation that was provided to the client device(11, 12, 13) is stored. Thereby, is prevented that the client devicereceives the same medication twice.

Furthermore, the statistical model is adjusted based on the responsemessage such that a prediction accuracy of the statistical model isimproved. Thereby, the user feedback whether a recommended medicationwas successful or not can be used to adjust and thereby improve thestatistical model.

This adjustment of the statistical model can be carried out after everyfeedback of the user or multiple user feedbacks can be stored first andan adjustment of the model can be carried out when a specified number ofuser feedbacks has been reached. The adjustment of the statistical modelcan refer to the adjustment of parameters of the statistical model, suchas split criteria of a decision tree or weights of a neuronal network.The adjustment can also refer to rebuilding the statistical model “fromscratch” when the adjustment is run.

Furthermore, the method can also comprise the steps of providing asample database that is connected to the server or stored on the server.The database comprises user data sets which in turn comprise migraineevent data, an applied recommendation, and an outcome. Furthermore, thedatabase can also comprise user data sets which comprise migraine eventdata of an ongoing migraine event. These user data sets do not yetcomprise an applied recommendation and an outcome.

According to a specific embodiment, the statistical model of thecomputer readable program comprises a decision tree. Furthermore, themethod comprises an adjusting of the statistical model that comprisesthe decision tree.

In particular, the adjusting of the statistical comprises generating atraining database from a database, that comprises user data sets withmigraine event data. The user data sets comprise migraine event datawhich are contained in the previously received client data and anoutcome from the previously received response message. For example, thetraining database can be obtained by randomly drawing or sampling apredefined number of user data sets from the database.

The outcome indicates whether the recommended medication was successful.Furthermore, the database can comprise previously stored user data setswith migraine event data.

Starting from a root node, the training database, or rather the decisiontree represented by the training database, is split into two branchesusing a decision rule and thereby generating a new child node for eachof these two branches, wherein the decision rule is chosen to maximizean information gain.

For each new child node, the splitting is repeated until the trainingdatabase cannot be split any further.

According to a further specific embodiment of the method, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and the method comprises anadjusting of the statistical model that comprises the decision tree.

The adjusting of the statistical model comprises adjusting values ofbranching criteria of nodes of the decision tree based on the clientdata and on an outcome from the response message, wherein the outcomeindicates whether the recommended medication was successful.

According to a further specific embodiment of the method, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and wherein the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model. According to thismethod the statistical model is adjusted by adding and/or removingbranches to the decision tree based on the client data and on an outcomefrom the response message, where the outcome indicates whether therecommended medication was successful. This embodiment can be combinedwith the previous embodiment, in which values of the branching criteriaare adjusted.

According to a further specific embodiment of the method, thestatistical model comprises a random forest and the method comprises anadjusting of the statistical model comprises generating a new randomforest, as compared to adjusting a pre-existing random forest.

The adjusting of the statistical model comprising generating a trainingdatabase and a test database from a database. The database comprisesuser data sets with migraine event data that contained in the clientdata and an outcome from the response message, wherein the outcomeindicates whether the recommended medication was successful, Furthermorethe database can comprise previously stored user data sets which maycome from various data sources, such as clinical trials or otherwise.The test database as well as the training database can be obtained byrandom sampling a predefined number of data sets with or withoutreplacement.

Then, a random forest is generated using the training database andmeasuring the statistical model accuracy on the test database. Amongother, the measured model accuracy can be used for a decision on whetherto retain the generated random forest or to repeat the process ofgenerating the test database and generating the random forest.

According to a further specific embodiment of the method, thestatistical model comprises a gradient boosting trees model, the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises generating a training database from adatabase, the database comprising user data sets. The user data setscomprising migraine event data, which are contained in the client dataand an outcome from the response message that indicates whether therecommended medication was successful. Furthermore, the database canalso comprise previously stored user data sets.

A statistical model is fitted to the training database, and a differenceor residual between a predicted output of the statistical model andtraining database ground truth is computed. For example, the groundtruth can be provided by the outcomes in the training database.

A new model is fitted to the computed difference, and an improvedstatistical model as a sum of the statistical model and the new model.The steps of computing a difference between a predicted output of thestatistical model and the training database, fitting a new model to thecomputed difference, and obtaining an improved statistical model as asum of the previously computed statistical model and the new model arerepeated.

The repetition of the steps can be carried out until a difference isbetween a predicted output of the statistical model and the trainingdatabase is lower than a predefined difference.

According to a further specific embodiment of the method, the methodcomprises a gradient boosting trees model, and the method comprises anadjusting of the statistical model, which comprises generating atraining database from a database, wherein the database comprises userdata sets with migraine event data. The migraine event data which arecontained in the client data. Furthermore, the user data sets eachcomprise an outcome from the response message, which indicates whetherthe recommended medication was successful. Furthermore, the database cancomprise previously stored user data sets.

A sequence of decision trees is generated by the following steps: afirst decision tree to the training database, an output of the decisiontree is computed using the training database, and a difference betweenthe training database (33) and the output of the decision tree iscomputed.

Furthermore, a loss function is computed from the difference and agradient of the loss function is computed. Then, a further decision treeis computed using the gradient of the loss function and an improvedstatistical model is obtained as a sum of the outputs of the previouslycomputed first decision tree and the further decision tree.

Until a pre-determined accuracy of prediction is reached, the stepsfollowing steps are repeated: A difference is computed between thetraining database, and the output of the decision tree, a loss functionis derived from the difference, and a a gradient of the loss function iscomputed. Moreover, a further decision tree is computed using thegradient of the loss function, and an improved statistical model as asum of the outputs of the previously computed decision trees and thefurther decision tree.

According to a further embodiment of the method, which handles a timeoverlap between reported migraine events, second client data arereceived from a client device, a first user identification data isderived from the previously received client data and a second useridentification data is derived from the second client data.

If the second user identification is identical to the first useridentification a first migraine event start time and a first migraineevent end time is derived from the previously received client data, anda first migraine event start time and a first migraine event end time.It is determined whether there is a time overlap between a firstmigraine event having the first migraine event start time and the firstmigraine event end time and a second migraine event having the secondmigraine event start time and the first migraine event end time.

If it is determined that there is a time overlap between the firstmigraine event and the second migraine event, a data collision rule thatprevents that two separate user data sets are generated for the secondmigraine event and the first migraine event is applied. For example, thedata collision rule can decide that a first entry wins or that the datafrom the two migraine events is merged.

In a second aspect, which is related to the first aspect, thespecification discloses a server for providing a migraine medical drugrecommendation. The server comprises a computer readable program in acomputer readable memory of the server.

The computer readable program is operative to receive client data from aclient application, wherein the client data (8) comprises time data andlocation data. The location data indicates a position of a client deviceof a user, and the time data indicating an onset of a migraine event ofthe user.

Furthermore, the program is operative to send a data retrieval messageto a weather data server. The weather data server comprises a databasewith weather data, and the data retrieval message comprises the timedata and the location data. This causes the weather data server toretrieve weather data that corresponds to the timestamp data and thelocation date.

Furthermore, the computer readable program is operative to receiveweather data from the weather data server, wherein the weather datacomprising atmospheric pressure data that corresponds to the time dataand the location data. The computer readable program is also operativeto create a user data set that comprises the client data and atmosphericpressure data, and to generate a recommended medication based on theclient data and the atmospheric pressure data using the statisticalmodel, and to output a recommendation message to the user of the clientdevice, wherein the output message comprises the recommended medication.

Furthermore, the computer readable program is operative to send arequest message to a client device of a user. The client devicecomprises an application that is installed for a user, and henceprovides identification data of the user. By making use of theidentification data, the request message is sent to the same user towhich the medication was previously provided.

The request message contains a first question whether the user took amedication according to the recommendation message, and a secondquestion whether the medication was successful. Furthermore, thecomputer readable program is operative to receive a response message tothe request message from the client device to which the request messagewas sent.

If the response message indicates that the medication was not successfulthe computer readable program stores the recommendation that wasprovided to the client device, and thereby prevents that the clientdevice receives the same medication twice.

Furthermore, the computer readable program is operative to adjust thestatistical model based on the response message, such that a predictionaccuracy of the statistical model is improved.

According to a further embodiment of a server, the statistical model ofthe computer readable program on the server comprises a decision tree.Furthermore, the computer readable program is operative to adjust thestatistical model. The adjusting of the statistical model comprisesgenerating a training database from a database, the database comprisinguser data sets with migraine event data. The migraine event data arecontained in previously received client data and have been stored in theuser data sets. Furthermore, the user data sets each comprise an outcomewhich was previously received in the response message (8) and is nowstored in the respective user data set. The outcome indicates whetherthe recommended medication was successful. Furthermore, the database canalso comprise previously stored user data sets which were not obtainedvia response messages and client data but by other means.

The computer readable program is operative to split, starting from aroot node, the training database into two branches using a decision ruleand thereby generating a new child node for each of these two branches,wherein the decision rule is chosen to maximize an information gain. Foreach new child node, the splitting is repeated until the trainingdatabase cannot be split any further.

According to a further embodiment of the server, the statistical modelcomprises a decision tree and the computer readable program installed onthe server is furthermore operative to adjust the statistical model.

The adjusting of the statistical model comprises adjusting values ofbranching criteria of nodes of the decision tree based on the clientdata and on an outcome from the response message, wherein the outcomeindicates whether the recommended medication was successful.Furthermore, the criteria of predetermined nodes of the decision treecan also be adjusted based on a training database.

According to a further embodiment of the server, the statistical modelcomprises a decision tree and the computer readable program is operativeto adjust the statistical model.

The adjusting of the statistical model comprises adding and/or removingbranches to the decision tree based on the client data and on an outcomefrom the response message, the outcome indicating whether therecommended medication was successful.

According to a further embodiment of the server, the statistical modelcomprises a random forest and the computer readable program is operativeto adjust the statistical model.

The adjusting of the statistical model comprises generating a trainingdatabase and a test database from a database that comprises user datasets with migraine event data. the user data sets comprise migraineevent data contained in the client data and an outcome from the responsemessage, wherein the outcome indicates whether the recommendedmedication was successful. Furthermore, the database can comprisepreviously stored user data sets. The computer readable program isfurthermore, operative generate a random forest using the trainingdatabase and measuring the statistical model accuracy on the testdatabase.

In a further embodiment, of the server, the statistical model comprisesa gradient boosting trees model. The computer readable program isoperative to adjust the statistical model And the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises the following steps

Generating a training database from a database, the database comprisinguser data sets, the user data sets comprising migraine event data, whichare contained in the client data and an outcome from the responsemessage, the outcome indicating whether the recommended medication wassuccessful.

A statistical model is fitted to the training database, and a differenceor residual between a predicted output of the statistical model and aground truth of the training database ground truth is computed.

A new model is fitted to the computed difference, and an improvedstatistical model as a sum of the statistical model and the new model.

Until a predetermine difference or prediction accuracy is reached thefollowing steps are repeated. A difference between a predicted output ofthe statistical model and the training database is computed, a new modelis fitted to the computed difference, and an improved statistical modelis obtained as a sum of the previously computed statistical model andthe new model.

In a further embodiment of the server, the statistical model comprises agradient boosting trees model, and wherein the computer readable programon the server is operative to adjust the statistical model, and theadjusting of the statistical model comprises:

generating a training database from a database, the database comprisinguser data sets, the user data sets comprising migraine event data whichare contained in the client data and an outcome from the responsemessage, the outcome indicating whether the recommended medication wassuccessful.

Generating a sequence of decision trees by the following steps: fittinga first decision tree to the training database, computing an output ofthe decision tree using the training database, computing a differencebetween the training database (33) and the output of the decision treederiving a loss function from the difference, and computing a gradientof the loss function. Furthermore, a further decision tree is computedusing the gradient of the loss function, and an improved statisticalmodel as a sum of the outputs of the previously computed first decisiontree and the further decision tree. These steps are repeated until untila pre-determined accuracy of prediction is reached.

In a further embodiment of the server, the computer readable program isfurther operative to receive second client data from a client device, toderive first user identification data from the previously receivedclient data and to derive second user identification data from thesecond client data. If the second user identification is identical tothe first user identification, a first migraine event start time and afirst migraine event end time is derived from the previously receivedclient data and a first migraine event start time and a first migraineevent end time is derived from the second client data.

It is determined, whether there is a time overlap between a firstmigraine event having the first migraine event start time and the firstmigraine event end time and a second migraine event having the secondmigraine event start time and the first migraine event end time, and, ifthe computer readable program determines that there is a time overlapbetween the first migraine event and the second migraine event, a datacollision rule is applied that prevents that two separate user data setsare generated for the second migraine event and the first migraineevent.

In a further aspect, the specification discloses a method for preparinga server to provide a migraine medical drug recommendation or suggestionmessage in that pre-existing data are used to generate a statisticalmodel, such that users of client devices can start using the statisticalmodel and receiving recommendations. Furthermore, the statistical modelcan then be further improved with the user feedbacks, as describedfurther above.

A database is provided, which is connected to a server. The databasecomprises user data sets, and each user data set comprises migraineevent data, an applied recommendation, and an outcome. The migraineevent data comprises time data and location data. Furthermore, acomputer readable program is provided or installed on the server.

The computer readable program comprises a statistical model and astatistical model adjuster for adjusting the statistical model base oninput provide to the statistical model adjuster.

When the computer program is run, it causes a partitioning of thedatabase into a training data base and a test data base, for example bydetermining data set sizes and random sampling of user data sets with orwithout replacement, each comprising user data sets.

The training database is provided as input data to the statistical modeladjuster, and a statistical model is built or generated based on thetraining database by using the statistical model adjuster. Therein, ageneration of the model is also a form of adjusting the statisticalmodel.

The test database is provided as input to the statistical model, thestatistical model is evaluated based on the test database, whereinevaluating refers to the generation of predictions of outcomes with thestatistical model.

The adjusting of the statistical model can also comprise adjustingparameters of the statistical model based on the input data, to obtainan adjusted statistical model, such that a prediction accuracy of thestatistical model is increased for the provided training database. Thisis a form of machine learning. The statistical model is stored in acomputer memory of the server.

Running of the computer readable program further comprises, or causesthe server to execute the following steps.

Client data is received from a client application, the client datacomprising time data and location data. The client data is provided asinput to the statistical model to generate a recommended medication to auser of the client device, and a recommendation message is sent to theuser, the recommendation message comprising the recommended medication.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises: starting from a root node, splitting thetraining database in two branches using a decision rule and therebygenerating a new child node for each of these two branches, wherein thedecision rule is chosen to maximize an information gain. For each newchild node, the splitting is repeated until the training database cannotbe split any further.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and wherein the adjusting ofthe statistical model comprises adjusting values of branching criteriaof nodes of the decision tree based on the client data and on an outcomefrom the response message, wherein the outcome indicates whether therecommended medication was successful.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and adjusting of thestatistical model comprises adding and/or removing branches to thedecision tree based on the client data and on an outcome from theresponse message, wherein the outcome indicates whether the recommendedmedication was successful.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a random forest and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises generating a random forest using thetraining database and measuring the statistical model accuracy on thetest database.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a gradient boosting trees model, the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model, and the adjusting ofthe statistical model comprises the following steps.

Fitting a statistical model to the training database, computing adifference between a predicted output of the statistical model and aground truth of the training database (33), wherein the ground truth canbe provided by the outcomes of the migraine event data in the trainingdatabase.

A new model is fitted to the computed difference, and an improvedstatistical model is obtained as a sum of the statistical model and thenew model. The above steps are repeated until a predetermined predictionaccuracy is reached.

According to further embodiment of the server preparation method, thestatistical model comprises a gradient boosting trees model, the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model, and the adjusting ofthe statistical model comprises the following steps.

Generating a sequence of decision trees by fitting a first decision treeto the training database, computing an output of the decision tree usingthe training database, computing a difference between the trainingdatabase (33) and the output of the decision tree, deriving a lossfunction from the difference, and computing a gradient of the lossfunction.

A further decision tree is computed using the gradient of the lossfunction, an improved statistical model is obtained as a sum of theoutputs of the previously computed first decision tree and the furtherdecision tree. Until a pre-determined accuracy of prediction is reached,the steps of computing a difference between the training database andthe output of the decision tree, of deriving a loss function from thedifference, of computing a gradient of the loss function, of computing afurther decision tree using the gradient of the loss function, and ofobtaining an improved statistical model as a sum of the outputs of thepreviously computed decision trees and the further decision tree arerepeated.

In a further aspect, which is related to the server preparation method,the specification discloses a server that is preparable for providing amigraine medical drug recommendation or suggestion message. The servercomprises a database on the or connected to the server. The databasecomprising user data sets, and each user data set comprises a migraineevent or migraine event data, an applied recommendation, and an outcome.

Furthermore, the preparable server comprises a computer readable memorywith a computer readable program. The computer readable programcomprises a statistical model=and a statistical model adjuster. Thecomputer readable program is operative to partition the database into atraining data base and a test data base, for example by determining dataset sizes and random sampling of user data sets with or withoutreplacement.

Furthermore, the computer readable program is operative to provide thetraining database as input data to the statistical model adjuster, tobuild a statistical model based on the training database, to provide thetest database as input to the statistical model, and to evaluate thestatistical model based on the test database, The evaluating cancomprise comparing predicted outcomes for recommended medication fordata sets in the test database with predicted outcome and recommendedmedications in the training database.

The steps for adjusting the model may be repeated if a differencebetween the predicted outcomes is above a threshold.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises:

Starting from a root node, splitting the training database in twobranches using a decision rule and thereby generating a new child nodefor each of these two branches, wherein the decision rule is chosen tomaximize an information gain, and for each new child node, repeating thesplitting until the training database cannot be split any further.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises adjusting values of branching criteria ofnodes of the decision tree based on the client data and on an outcomefrom the response message, wherein the outcome indicates whether therecommended medication was successful.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a decision tree and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises adding and/or removing branches to thedecision tree based on the client data and on an outcome from theresponse message, wherein the outcome indicating whether the recommendedmedication was successful.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a random forest and the adjusting of thestatistical model comprises generating a random forest using thetraining database and measuring the statistical model accuracy on thetest database.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a gradient boosting trees mode, the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model, and the adjusting ofthe statistical model comprises:

Fitting a statistical model to the training database, computing adifference between a predicted output of the statistical model and aground truth of the training database ground truth. A new model isfitted to the computed difference, and an improved statistical model isobtained as a sum of the statistical model and the new model.

Until a predetermined prediction accuracy is reached, the steps ofcomputing a difference between a predicted output of the statisticalmodel and the training database, of fitting a new model to the computeddifference, of obtaining an improved statistical model as a sum of thepreviously computed statistical model and the new model, are repeated.

According to a further embodiment of the preparable server, thestatistical model comprises a gradient boosting trees model, the methodcomprises an adjusting of the statistical model, and the adjusting ofthe statistical model comprises generating a sequence of decision treesby the following steps:

Fitting a first decision tree to the training database, computing anoutput of the decision tree using the training database, computing adifference between the training database and the output of the decisiontree, deriving a loss function from the difference, computing a gradientof the loss function, computing a further decision tree using thegradient of the loss function, obtaining an improved statistical modelas a sum of the outputs of the previously computed first decision treeand the further decision tree, The above steps are repeated until apre-determined accuracy of prediction is reached.

In a further aspect, the specification discloses a client device forproviding a migraine medical drug recommendation, the client devicecomprising a computer readable program (6) on a computer readable memoryof the server. The computer readable program is operative to send clientdata from a client application to a server, the client data comprisingtime data and location data, the location data indicating a position ofa client device of a user, the time data indicating an onset of amigraine event of the user

This causes the weather data server to retrieve weather data thatcorresponds to the timestamp data and the location data. Arecommendation message for a user of the client device is received bythe client device. The recommendation message comprises the recommendedmedication, and the recommended medication is based on the client dataand atmospheric pressure data that corresponds to the time data and thelocation data using a statistical model.

A request message is received at the client device, the request messagecontaining a first question whether the user took a medication accordingto the recommendation message, and a second question whether themedication was successful. The computer readable program further sends aresponse message to the request message to the server.

In comparison to traditional approaches, whereby the process of patientsacquiring medications include obtaining prescription medications byvisiting a doctor and purchasing over-the-counter (OTC) drugsrecommended by a general website or by people around, a medicationrecommender according to the present specification can provide atime-saving and cheaper solution to identify and obtain a suitablemedication.

Furthermore, the medication recommendation system can provide additionalbenefits to both doctors and patients. Among others, the medicationrecommendation system can receive more relevant data input than isprovided in a typical short consulting session with a doctor. Thereby,the medication recommendation system can obtain an improvedunderstanding of the relevant aspects of a patient's disease.

The medication recommendation system provides a means for obtainingsufficiently accurate information of patients, despite the complexity ofthe human brain and the varying quality of the data provided by users,which can be caused by lack of domain knowledge and various otherbehavioural and social effects, among others.

The recommendation system provides a ranked list of the best suitabledrugs for migraine patients, but it can also be used for other diseases.The recommender system can provide a selection of a drug based on acombination of factors including the lifestyle, state, and previousreaction to other drugs of the patient. Specifically, the recommendationcan be adjusted “per attack” for more complex patients, and it can beadjusted if the patient is following a program improving his/herlifestyle, such as a diet adjustment which reduces sensitivity tocertain attacks.

The drug recommendation may be used by private users, but also byhospitals, for example for proving outcome improvement associated totheir services, by insurers, for example for providing recommendations,by pharma professionals, for example for obtaining a higher improvementassociated to their drugs. The medication recommender can provide animproved quality of recommendation, thanks to the amount of datacollected by different users worldwide for continuously training thealgorithm.

Three important aspects of a medication recommender according to thecurrent specification, which contribute to a reliable recommendationsystem, are:

1) spell-checking of free-text input by users

2) categorization of medical terms (including, but not limited to,triggers, symptoms, and medications)

3) predicting the effect of drug molecules

Among others, the medication recommender can be used to help patientsand assist a specialist in several scenarios:

1. In case a specialist needs to prescribe new drugs for the patient, apersonalized ranked list provided by the medication recommender canlimit the number of drug choices available, avoid unnecessary drug sideeffects and contribute to overall patient satisfaction. Therecommendation system can provide a suitable selection of medicationsfrom several available medications to provide a timely and effectiveremedy for the migraine.

2. If the patient already has several available drugs, the medicationrecommender can recommend the most likely effective drug through aranked list provided by the medication recommender. For example, a listcan be provided by the following procedure: The last N migraines of theuser, where N is a suitably chosen number, are used to make predictionson the outcomes. Then a weighted average is calculated to determinewhether this medication is useful for his future migraines. In such acase, the model will treat it as a classification problem, and it isable to generate the outcome as helpful or unhelpful.

3. If the patient doesn't have any drug names in mind, the medicationrecommender can suggest the usage of one suitable likely helpful drugfor him. For example, the recommendation system can predict theprobabilities of helpfulness of a list of medications and produce aranked list.

Among others, the medication recommender can implement the followingmethods listed below.

1. Content-Based Filtering

A content-based filtering method is based on the preferences of a userand the features of items and requires the users to actively interactwith the recommender system so that the system can recommend itemssimilar to those with positive feedbacks from the users. Due to delayedeffects of medications and potential lack of interaction between usersand the recommender system, a content-based filtering method is lesssuitable for a recommender system according to the presentspecification, although it may be used.

2. Collaborative Filtering

Collaborative filtering methods make recommendations to a user based onfeedback from similar users, which follows the rationale that if anactive user shares similar attributes with some other users in the past,this user will have a higher likelihood of also having commonalitieswith other users in the future. By taking advantage of the large amountof information of similar users, this approach does not require thefeedback of similar items from the user in the past to makerecommendations.

3. Hybrid Recommender Systems

As the term implies, this type of recommender systems employscombinations of multiple techniques to gain advantages over a singleapproach. For example, the recommender system can implement acombination of random forest, XGBoost and sequential neural networkmethods to arrive at a recommended medication.

In particular, the current specification disclose a medicationrecommendation system for the prediction and the ranking or rating ofmedications for migraine based on self-reported data. In particular, therecommendation system can provide a recommended medication and dosageregime of the recommended medication, a recommended nutrition or anutrition to avoid, a recommended activity or an activity to avoid andother measure that may have positive influence on a migraine event orcan help to avoid the migraine event altogether.

The recommendation system comprises a server device with serverdatabase. Wherein the server device can be provided by a dedicatedcomputing device or by cloud based resources, among others.

Furthermore, the recommendation system comprises a client computerdevice, which can be in particular a mobile computer device such as alaptop, a mobile phone, a touchpad, a wearable computer device or anyother type of mobile computer device or also a personal computer such asa desktop computer. In summary, the client computer device can be amobile computer device or a wearable computer device or any non-mobilecomputing device or alike.

The client computer device comprises an environment sensor for measuringan environment variable, such as a pressure, electromagnetic field, suchas a light intensity or a magnetic field strength, or an acceleration orother movement of the client device.

The evaluation of data from the environment data can help to improve arecommendation of the recommendation system. For example, in oneembodiment an environmental pressure used in a data evaluation orprocessing as a contributing factor of a migraine event. In otherembodiments, the recommendation system of the present specification isrealized without evaluation of data from an environment sensor.

The client device comprises a computer memory with a recommendationapplication or computer program and with a client database, and with acommunication means, such as a transmitter for communicating with theserver device over a communication link, which may in particularcomprise a wireless communication link.

The recommendation application is operative to receive self-reporteddata of a user of the client computer device over a user interface ofthe recommendation application, to receive environment data from theenvironment sensor, and to retrieve user-specific data from the clientdatabase, such as the intensity and the duration of a migraine event, amedication type and dose taken before the event, a drug or medicationintake time, a pre-determined activity taking place in a pre-determinedtime interval, a user demographic data such as age, sex, BMI,profession, duration and time of sleep, complications and comorbiditiesor other migraine influence factors, whether or not they arecontributing to or alleviating the migraine event, and a rating of theirinfluence by the user.

Furthermore, the recommendation system generates a recommendationrequest message, the recommendation request message comprising theself-reported data, the environment data, and the retrieveduser-specific data, and sends the recommendation request message overthe communication link, using the communication means.

The server device is operative, by means of suitable software and/orhardware, to receive the recommendation request message, to retrieverecommendation related data from the server database, and to derive arecommendation within a pre-determined request response time. Inparticular the server device can predict and rank an outcome of amigraine medication.

The deriving of the recommendation comprises applying at least onestatistical procedure to the input data to obtain recommendation outputdata, the input data comprising data of the recommendation requestmessage and the recommendation related data, wherein the at least onestatistical procedure comprises at least one of a random forest method,a gradient boost method and a sequential neural network method.

The server device is further operative to generate a recommendationresponse message, the recommendation response message comprising therecommendation output data, to send the recommendation response messageto the client device over the communication link.

According to a further embodiment, the server device is operative tocollect self-reported data from a multitude of other users fromdifferent countries, and to store the self-reported data in a centralrepository, such as the server database. In particular, the multitude ofusers can be distributed over different continents or even around theinhabited world. Specifically, the multitude of users can refer to alarge number of users exceeding a hundred thousand users, a millionusers or even ten million users or more.

According to a further embodiment, the server device is operative toreceive user data records, to process the user data records and totransmit model data to the mobile device, whereby a prediction accuracyof the medication recommendation can be enhanced. The model data isderived from the collected self-reported data of the multitude of otherusers.

According to a further embodiment, a mode of collection comprises activereporting through a form of the recommendation application and/orpassive acquisition through a sensor of the at least one environmentsensor.

According to a further embodiment, the client computer device is furtheroperative to identify and display a recommended form of administrationof a migraine medication, the form of administration being selected fromenteral, parenteral and topical routes of administration.

According to a further embodiment, the client computer device is amobile computer device and/or a wearable computer device, which enablesto user to conveniently receive a recommendation where and when it isneeded. The recommendation may be provided online or offline by usingcached data from the server. A data exchange between the client deviceand the server device may be initiated when the client device detects aconnection to the communication link and/or based on a schedule.

According to a further embodiment, the input data to the at least onestatistical procedure comprises symptoms, triggers, demographics,environment, or previous drug outcome of the user, or a combinationthereof.

According to a further embodiment, the client device is furtheroperative to process the self-reported data and/or the user specificdata of the client database, wherein the data processing comprising oneor more of molecule matching, spell checking, and categorizing symptoms,triggers, medical terms and medications.

According to a further embodiment, the client computer device or theserver device is operative to translate an input medication provided bya user of the mobile computer device into an active ingredient, throughuse of drug dictionary, previous self-reported data, a customdictionary, or a combination thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the client computer device isoperative, through use of a spell checker, to correct misspelled wordsof the self-reported data based on similarity and edit distance inrelation to stored words in in a MB database, or drug database, or acombination thereof. The MB database or the drug database may beprovided by the client database or also by the server database.

According to a further embodiment, the mobile device is operative tocategorize symptoms, triggers and other medical terms by comparison withdata in the client database and/or the server device.

According to a further embodiment, the machine learning models includestacking with XGBoost, Random Forest, sequential neural networkstechniques, or a combination thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the server device is operative tosynchronize user data between different devices, the synchronizingcomprising determining a time overlap between user data relating to afirst migraine event and a second migraine event and determining, basedon the time overlap, whether the first migraine event and the secondmigraine event corresponds to the same migraine event, and, if it isdetermined that the first migraine event and the second migraine eventcorrespond to the same migraine event, merging the data of the firstmigraine event with the data of the second migraine event.

In a further aspect, the present specification discloses acomputer-implemented medication recommendation method for a rating ofmedications for migraine based on self-reported data, the recommendationsystem comprising a server device, which may be provided by a dedicatedcomputing device or by cloud based resources, wherein the server devicecomprises a server database. Furthermore, the recommendation systemcomprises a client computer device with an environment sensor formeasuring an environment variable, such as pressure, electromagneticfield or others, and with a recommendation application or computerprogram and a client database. The client device also comprises acommunication means, such as a transmitter, for communicating with theserver device over a communication link.

The client device receives self-reported data of a user of the clientcomputer device over a user interface of the recommendation application,receives environment data from the environment sensor, retrievesuser-specific data from the client database, and generates arecommendation request message. the recommendation request messagecomprises the self-reported data, the environment data, and theretrieved user-specific data. The client device sends the recommendationrequest message over the communication link, using the communicationmeans.

The server device receives the recommendation request message, retrievesrecommendation related data from the server database, and derives arecommendation, such as a medication recommendation, within apre-determined request response time.

The deriving of the recommendation comprises applying at least onestatistical procedure to the input data to obtain recommendation outputdata, the input data comprising data of the recommendation requestmessage and the recommendation related data. Therein, the at least onestatistical procedure comprising at least one of a random forest method,a gradient boost method and a sequential neural network method.

The server generates a recommendation response message, therecommendation response message comprising the recommendation outputdata, and sends the recommendation response message to the client deviceover the communication link.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisescollecting self-reported data from a multitude of other users fromdifferent countries around the world, and/or from different continentsaround the world and to store the self-reported data in a centralrepository, such as the server database.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisesreceiving user data records, processing the user data records,retrieving model data from the server database and transmitting modeldata to the mobile device. Thereby, a prediction accuracy of themedication recommendation is enhanced, wherein the enhancement refers toan average improvement of the prediction across the users connected tothe server device but may not apply in every single case. The model datais derived from the collected self-reported data of the multitude ofother users.

According to a further embodiment of the method, a data collectioncomprises active reporting through a form of the recommendationapplication and/or passive acquisition through a sensor of the at leastone environment sensor.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisesidentifying and displaying a recommended form of administration of amigraine medication, the form of administration being selected fromenteral, parenteral and topical routes of administration.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the client computerdevice is provided by a mobile computer device or a wearable computerdevice.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the input data to theat least one statistical procedure comprises symptoms, triggers,demographics, environment, or previous drug outcome of the user, or acombination thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisingprocessing the self-reported data and/or the user specific data of theclient database, wherein the data processing comprising one or more ofmolecule matching, spell checking, and categorizing symptoms, triggers,medical terms and medications.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the client computerdevice or the server device is operative to translate an inputmedication provided by a user of the mobile computer device into anactive ingredient, through use of drug dictionary, previousself-reported data, a custom dictionary, or a combination thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisescorrecting, through use of a spell checker, misspelled words of theself-reported data based on similarity and/or edit distance in relationto stored words in the client database.

According to a further embodiment, of the method, the mobile device isoperative to categorize symptoms, triggers and other medical terms bycomparison with data in the client database and/or the server device.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the machine learningmodels include stacking with XGBoost, Random Forest, sequential neuralnetworks techniques, or a combination thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisessynchronizing user data between different devices, the synchronizingcomprising determining a time overlap between user data relating to afirst migraine event and a second migraine event and determining, basedon the time overlap, whether the first migraine event and the secondmigraine event corresponds to the same migraine event, and, if it isdetermined that the first migraine event and the second migraine eventcorrespond to the same migraine event, merging the data of the firstmigraine event with the data of the second migraine event.

In a further aspect, the present specification discloses arecommendation system for a rating of medications for migraine based onself-reported data, which is also referred to as “user data”. Therecommendation system comprises a mobile device or a terminal unit, suchas a mobile phone, a laptop, a personal computer or the like. The mobiledevice can also be provided by a wearable electronic such as a smartwatch, which is able to communicate over a wireless network.

The mobile device is operative to communicate with a server over acommunication link. Among others, the mobile device is operative to sendthe self-reported data to the server, to receive from the server a drugrecommendation that is based on the self-reported data, and to receiveinformation from the server about suitable drugs, treatments andrecommend actions to take, wherein the information may be based on theself-reported data or it may be general information.

The mobile device is operative to receive self-reported data of a userover a user interface and to send the self-reported data to the server.For example, the user interface can be provided by a graphical userinterface, which provides input fields for textual input, graphicalelements for selecting items from lists of items, input buttons,sliders, turning knobs and the like.

Furthermore, the mobile device or the server is operative to predict andrank an outcome of a migraine medication based on the self-reported dataand on the output data of at least one statistical procedure, such as arandom forest method, a gradient boost method and a sequential neuralnetwork method, or a combination thereof. Preferentially, the predictionis carried out before the ranking and based on the ranking. Inparticular, the results of different statistical procedures can becombined to achieve an improved accuracy. Furthermore, the mobile deviceand/or the server is operative to derive a recommended migrainemedication from the predicted outcome of the migraine medication or frommultiple predicted outcomes of migraine medications which are comparedto each other.

The recommendation can be provided, among others in terms of the choiceof the medication and dosage, such as amount or time and choice ofadministration of the medication. Further recommendations can also beprovided based on an evaluation of the user input data, for example arecommended course of action to avoid migraine attacks.

By using the medication recommendation system according to the presentspecification, a recommendation to a user of the mobile device can beprovided in a timely and accurate manner and tailored to the individualrequirements of a patient and without the need of a personalconsultation. In particular in the case where the ranking and predictingis carried out on the server, the ranking and prediction can be improvedby adjusting the ranking and prediction based on user input dataprovided by other users of the medication recommendation system while atthe same time maintaining confidentiality of the input data.

By using a medication recommendation system according to the currentspecification, a large amount of user data can be taken into amount forproviding the medication recommendation for the user of the mobiledevice within the short request period needed for sending the data tothe server, carrying out the calculations on the server and sending theresults back to the mobile device, which would not be practicable bycalculating the time-consuming steps for providing the medicationrecommendation by hand.

In an embodiment in which the medication recommendation is derived onthe mobile device itself, the calculation can also be improved based oninput data of other users and calculations carried out for the otherusers by sending updated model parameters or calculation parameters fromthe mobile device to the server.

In order to provide confidentiality, the data traffic between the mobiledevice and the server can be encrypted by using a symmetric encryption,such as a public key encryption, asymmetric encryption or anotherencryption method.

Furthermore, the mobile device is operative to output the recommendedmigraine medication to the user of the mobile device over a userinterface of the mobile device.

In a further embodiment, the mobile device is further operative toidentify and display a recommended form of administration of a migrainemedication. The form of administration is selected from enteral,parenteral and topical routes of administration. The mobile device mayreceive the recommended form of medication in a message from the serveror derived by internal processing of the mobile device taking intoaccount the input data provided by the user of the mobile device.

According to a further embodiment, the recommendation system comprisesthe server, and the server is operative to collect self-reported datafrom around the world and store the self-reported data in a centralrepository database.

According to a further embodiment, a mode of collection can be eitheractive reporting through a form or passive acquisition through a sensor.

According to a further embodiment, sensor is provided by the mobiledevice or a wearable device, for example a smart watch such as Iwatch®or Fitbit®. For example, a sensor integrated in a mobile device can beused to provide measurements from a surface of the human body, such asbody temperature, heart rate and so forth, and it can providemeasurements of the environment like atmospheric pressure and otherelectromagnetic measurements.

According to yet a further embodiment, input parameters to the at leastone statistical procedure include combinations of symptoms, triggers,demographics, environment parameters, previous drug outcome. Thereby,the medication recommendation can be tailored to the specific conditionsof the mobile device user. By considering the above-mentioned factors,the medication recommendation can be improved and a comparison withmedication recommendations provided for other users can be facilitated.

According to a further embodiment, a data processing of input dataincludes molecule matching, spell checking and categorizing symptoms,triggers, medical terms and medications. Thereby, the input of the datais facilitated and errors due to a faulty user input can be avoided,among others. Furthermore, an intelligent user input can be provided,which automatically suggests input data to the user based on previoususer input or on other information stored on the mobile device.

According to a further embodiment, the mobile device or the server isoperative to translate an input medication provided by a user of themobile device into an active ingredient, through use of drug dictionary,previous input data, and custom dictionary.

According to a specific embodiment, the mobile device is operative,through use of a spell checker, to correct misspelled words based onsimilarity and edit distance.

According to a further embodiment, the mobile device or the server isoperative to categorize symptoms, triggers and other medical terms.Thereby, a user input can be facilitated and an output to the user canbe provided in a user-friendly manner. Furthermore, the deriving of themedication recommendation can be improved using the categorization.

According to a further embodiment, wherein the machine learning orstatistical models include stacking with XGBoost, Random Forest, andsequential neural networks techniques.

According to a further embodiment, the server is operative to receiveuser data records, to process the user data records and to transmitmodel data to the mobile device, such that a prediction accuracy of themedication recommendation is enhanced.

In a further aspect, the present specification provides a method ofproviding a medication recommendation. According to this method,self-reported data of a user is received over a user interface, anoutcome of a migraine medication is predicted and ranked based on theself-reported data and on the output data of at least one statisticalprocedure. The at least one statistical or machine learning procedurecomprises at least one of a random forest method, a gradient boostmethod and a sequential neural network method.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisesidentifying a recommended form of administration of a migrainemedication, which is selected from enteral, parenteral and topicalroutes of administration. The recommended form of administration isdisplayed on a user interface of the mobile device, such as a displayscreen or similar.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the method is executedon a recommendation system that further comprises the server, whereinthe server is operative to collect self-reported data from around theworld and store the self-reported data in a central repository database.

According to a further embodiment, the method comprises receiving userinput through an input form of a graphical user interface. In a furtherembodiment, the method further comprises receiving user data via asensor of a mobile device or a wearable device, wherein the user datamay include, by way of example, blood pressure, body temperature, timeof day, atmospheric pressure, or steps walked per day or other body orenvironment related parameters.

According to a further embodiment, input parameters to the at least onestatistical procedure include combinations of symptoms, triggers,demographics, environment parameters, and previous drug outcome.

According to a further embodiment, the method comprises processing theinput data, the processing of the input data comprising moleculematching, spell checking, categorizing of symptoms, triggers, medicalterms and medications or a combination thereof. In a specificembodiment, the method comprises correcting misspelled words based onsimilarity and edit distance.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisestranslating an input medication provided by a user of the mobile deviceinto an active ingredient, through use of a drug dictionary, of previousinput data, and of a custom dictionary. According to yet a furtherembodiment, the method comprises categorizing symptoms, triggers andother medical terms.

According to a further embodiment, the machine learning models used inthe method for deriving the medication recommendation include stackingwith XGBoost, Random Forest, and sequential neural networks techniques.

According to a further embodiment, the method further comprisesreceiving user data records, processing the user data records and totransmit model data to a mobile device, such that a prediction accuracyof the medication recommendation is enhanced.

According to a further embodiment, the method comprises synchronizinguser data between different devices, the synchronization comprisingdetermining a time overlap between user data relating to a firstmigraine event and a second migraine event and determining, based on thetime overlap, whether the first migraine event is different from thesecond migraine event.

Thereby, redundant data entry can be detected and avoided or eliminatedand data corresponding to the same migraine event can be merged.Especially when a user provided input over different mobile devices isredundant or multiple data entry can occur, which can be rectified byusing the above-mentioned method features.

The subject matter of the present specification is now explained infurther detail with reference to the following figures in which

FIG. 1 shows a medication recommendation system,

FIG. 2 shows a logistic function for use in a logistic regression of anoutput variable of the medication recommendation recommender of thesystem of FIG. 1 ,

FIG. 3 shows a decision tree for deciding between medications A, B andC,

FIG. 4 illustrates a random forest statistical algorithm used in themedication recommender,

FIGS. 5 to 11 show an improvement of a gradient boosting algorithm ofthe system of FIG. 1 depending on a number of decision trees used,

FIG. 12 shows an example of a neural network for use in the medicationrecommender,

FIG. 13 shows an example of an evaluation of medications 1.1 to 3.4 by auser of the medication recommender, given the previous migraine records1, 2 and 3,

FIG. 14 illustrates a functioning of a spell checker of the medicationrecommender,

FIG. 15 shows in further detail the functioning of the spell checker ofFIG. 14 ,

FIG. 16 shows a training data set used for training a statistical modelof the medication recommender,

FIG. 17 shows a balanced training data set obtained by undersampling,

FIG. 18 illustrates the training of a stacked model of the medicationrecommender, and

FIG. 19 illustrates the training of a stacked model of the medicationrecommender comprising a random forest, a neural network and a gradientboost model,

FIG. 20 shows a comparison of five performance metrics for randomforest, XGBoost, neural network procedures and for a stacking of thesethree procedures,

FIG. 21 shows a list of relevant factors/features used in the trainingof the medication recommender,

FIG. 22 shows a more detailed view of server-side components of themedication recommendation system of FIG. 1 ,

FIG. 23 shows examples of data hosed on the server-side components ofFIG. 22 , and

FIG. 24 shows a process for providing a medication recommendation to anend user and for updating the recommendation process.

FIG. 1 shows a medication or drug recommendation system 10 whichcomprises portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones andlaptops, a personal computer and a server. The portable electronicdevices comprise a software application that provides user input from auser 19. In particular, the medication recommendation system 10comprises mobile phones 11 with respective mobile phone applicationsthat are capable of receiving input data from the user 19 throughelements of a graphical user interface 15, through textual and graphicalinput and, optionally, through sensors 16 of the mobile or throughexternal sensors 17 and 18.

The server 14 comprises a computer readable memory 5 with a computerreadable program 6. The computer readable program 6 is capable ofproviding recommendations, and in particular a recommended medication,to the user 19 with the aid of a statistical model. Furthermore, thecomputer readable program 6 is able to adjust the statistical model toimprove predictions or recommendations of the statistical model base onmigraine event data on the database 20 and/or on migraine event dataprovided by the user 19 through a client device.

The server 14 is connected to a database 20 over a first communicationlink 21. The database 20 comprises medication related data, migrainerelated data and parameters of statistical models used in the mobilephone application 9. Furthermore, the server 14 is connected to thedevices 11, 12, 13 over respective communication links 22, 23, 24.

The server 14 can exchange data with the devices 11, 12, 13. Forexample, the server 14 receives data from the users 19 which allows theserver 14 to improve the quality of the statistical models used inrespective software applications on the devices 11, 12, 13. Duringoperation, the server 14 computes improved parameters of the statisticalmodels, stores the improved parameters in the database 20 and sends theimproved parameter data to the devices 11, 12, 13.

In FIG. 1 , server data messages 7, such as recommendation messages andrequest messages, are indicated by at a server side of the communicationlinks 22, 23, 24 and user data messages 8, such as user feedbackmessages and user response messages are indicated at a side of a userdevice. Furthermore, client applications 9, which run on the clientdevices 11, 12, 13 are indicated by application windows 9. The clientapplications 9 are also referred to as user applications.

A data synchronization in the drug recommendation system 10 can becarried out as described below. In this context “synchronization” refersto the concept of keeping data consistent among several devices orstorage media. Data synchronization keeps datasets coherent and maintaintheir integrity across several data storage media. Network errors, lossof network, and using multiple devices are some of the causes of a lossof synchronization.

In the drug recommendation system 10, synchronization is used tomaintain integrity between the server, the devices and the database, toallow up-to-date data for the model training and ensure accurate outcomedelivered to the user device.

A loss of synchronization is defined as the state where the data of asingle user is not perfectly similar in each of his devices, and in theserver 14. For example, the user 19 may have entered migraine data intothe mobile phone 15 but not into the laptop 12. Synchronization makessure the user's data appears the same on all his devices 15 and 12,regardless of which device he used to enter the data.

The server 14 ensures there is no loss of synchronization, bypropagating each change in data to each component of the system:database and each user device. To this effect, the server 14 preventsconcurrent migraines to be recorded by the same user, independently ofthe number of devices. A minimum threshold between two migraines ischosen as a suitable time interval, such as one minute.

If the server 14 faces a synchronization error that it can not solveautomatically, it will send a message to the user, via one of theconnected devices. The message will prompt the user and ask him whichversion of the migraine should be kept, and which one should bediscarded.

FIG. 2 shows a logistic function for use in a logistic regression of anoutput variable of the medication recommender of the system of FIG. 1 .

Logistic regression is one of the most widely used fundamentalclassification model. The logistic function, which is a sigmoidfunction, has the form ofσ(t)=exp(t)/(1+exp(t))=1/(1+exp(−t)).

It takes any real value as input and outputs a value between 0 to 1. Ifthere is a binary classification problem, σ(t) is considered as theprobability of an event that has an outcome as 1.

According to the logistic regression model, a conditional probability toobtain a positive decision under the condition that the n Variables X₁,. . . , X_(n) take on the values x₁, . . . , x_(n) is given by:P(X ₁ =x ₁ , . . . ,X _(n) =x _(n))=exp(β₀+β₁ x ₁+ . . . +β_(n) x_(n))/(1+exp(β₀+β₁ x ₁+ . . . +β_(n) x _(n))).

wherein the parameters β₀, . . . , β_(n) are determined by the logisticregression. This corresponds to the case in which the variable t in thelogistic function is a linear combination of the explanatory variablesX_(i). If the values x₁, . . . , x_(n) are given, the conditionalprobability can be evaluated, which leads to a prediction that Y takeson the value 1 when P>0.5 and that Y takes on the value 0 when P<0.5.

In particular, Y=1 can correspond to a case in which a migrainemedication A is recommended and Y=0 can correspond to a case in whichthe migraine medication A is not recommended.

In the following, several statistical models are described, which can beused in the medication recommender, namely decision tree, random forest,XGBoost and sequential neural networks. Other statistical models may beused as well, especially models which are similar to the ones describedbelow.

FIG. 3 shows, by way of example, a decision tree 50 for use in themedication recommender. In the example of FIG. 3 , recommendations ofmedications A, B, C correspond to the respective leaves of the tree. Thedecision tree splits into different branches at a male/female decisionand at the age thresholds 20 years and 40 years. These branchingcriteria are provided by way of illustration only. The criteria can bepre-determined or they can also be modified or adjusted by a learningprocedure.

Decision tree is one of the most frequently used supervised machinelearning algorithm that can be applied to both regression andclassification problems. It mimics the decision-making process of humanbrains. It grows from a root (base condition), when it meets a condition(internal node/feature), it splits to multiple branches. The end of thebranch that does not split anymore is an outcome (leaf).

A decision tree can be generated using a training data set as describedbelow:

-   1. Starting from a root node (the entire dataset), the algorithm    splits the dataset in two branches using a decision rule or    branching criterion-   2. Each of these two branches generates a new child node-   3. For each new child node, the branching process is repeated until    the dataset cannot be split any further-   4. Each branching criterion is chosen to maximize information gain.    Herein, “information gain” is a quantification of how much a    branching criterion reduces uncertainty in the children nodes and    “uncertainty” is a quantification of how mixed the labels are. The    labels are the data or the classification that is predicted by the    decision tree.

FIG. 4 illustrates a random forest classification, which includes arandom forest 51. The random forest 51, which is also referred to asrandom forest model, is an ensemble of decision trees 50′, 50″, 50′″with randomly selected features in each decision tree 50′, 50″, 50′″ sothat it can provide more stable and accurate outcomes. Outcomes aredetermined by majority voting in the case of a classification problem.

In the example of FIG. 4 , a random forest model, which has been trainedpreviously by a training method, is used to decide betweenclassifications A, B and C. For example, a random forest with only thethree decision trees shown in FIG. 4 would return the classification Aby majority voting.

FIGS. 5 to 11 illustrate an XGBoost method. XGBoost, or eXtreme GradientBoosting, has become very popular due to its use in a large number ofcompetitions since its publication 4 years ago. Boosting is an ensembletechnique to improve the performance by adding new models on top ofprior models. Gradient boosting uses gradient descent algorithm tocreate new models on residuals of prior models.

XGBoosting is a type of gradient boosting, which is a machine learningtechnique for regression and classification problems, which produces aprediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models,typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion,like other boosting methods, and it generalizes them by allowingoptimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function.

The XGBoost and Random forest models are similar in that both of themare ensembles or collections of decision trees. So once created, theypredict in the same way, by averaging the results of all the trees inthe ensemble.

The difference between them is the way they are trained.

XGBoost uses an additive strategy.

1. Train a decision tree

2. Compute the difference (residual) between the prediction and theactual value/ground truth

3. Save the residual errors, use them as the label for the next training

4. Repeat until a target number of trees is created

Random forest uses a random strategy

1. Select randomly k features from the total number of features

2. Create a tree from these k features using the same process as for adecision tree

3. Repeat a target number of trees is created

The XGBoost method is an example of a boosting method. Different fromthe Random Forest method, in which many decision trees are optimizedindependently and the prediction is an average of decision tree outputvalues, the XGBoost method generates successive decision trees frompreceding iterations and the a prediction is obtained from of decisiontree output values.

The iterations that lead to the result curves of FIGS. 5 to 11 of theXGBoost method can be represented in the following pseudocode:

1. Randomly select a subsample of features and instances x_1, and fit amodel (Tree 1): F₁(x₁)=y₁

2. Calculate the residuals e₁, and fit a new model: h₁ (x₁)=e₁

3. Combine the previous models to make a new model (Tree 2): F₂=F₁+h₁

4. Get another random subsample x₂, calculate the residuals: e₂=F₂(x₂)−y₂

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 and get new models.

In summary,

F₁+h₁=F₂

F₃=F₂+h₂

. . .

F_(k)=F_((k-1))+h_((k-1))

Herein, “residual” refers to a difference between values of a testdataset and predicted values, which are predicted from a trainingdataset. In the case of a numerical variable the residual is thearithmetic difference.

In the case of a categorical variable, such as “male” and “female”, thevariable is first transformed into a numerical value before the residualis calculated. By way of example, the transformation can be done using a“one hot encoding” in which a variable is set to 1 if it belongs to agiven category and to 0 otherwise.

More precisely, the XGBoost method uses a gradient of a loss function,which measures a difference between the predicted values and the valuesof the test data set, to compute the residual. Further information aboutXGBoost can be found for example in the document arXiv:1603.02754v3 onthe arXiv.org document server of the Cornell University.

During each iteration, the task is to train a model based on theresiduals. Then the new model will be created by combining the newresidual model and the model in the last iteration. Hence, thepredictors in each iteration are not independent, but sequential.

Both random forest and XGBoost are ensemble algorithms that have acollection of predicted results which come together to make a finaldecision. However, there are some significant differences between thesetwo algorithms.

Firstly, random forest uses bagging, which means there are a collectionof independent models that will generate a collection of results, andthe final decision will be made by combining these results. In contrast,XGBoost uses boosting which is sequential. Results of each iterationdepends on the previous results.

Moreover, due to the different algorithms that these models adopt, theyhandle different issues while training the models. Random forest mainlyaims to improve the accuracy by reducing the variance. On the otherhand, XGBoost reduces both bias and variance. However, it is more commonfor XGBoost to overfit without an early-stopping criterion. By using astacking method to the present specification, which includes both ofthese models as input, the strengths of both methods can be combined.The stacking method is explained further below.

FIG. 12 shows a sequential neural network 53. Originally inspired bybiological neural networks, an artificial neural network may comprisemultiple layers, with numerous neurons in each layer. Layers other thanthe input layer and the output layer are referred to as hidden layers.In each hidden layer, neurons receive weight-adjusted inputs from theprevious layer, then perform transformation by a non-linear activationfunction, and finally generate outputs for the next layer.

In the example of FIG. 12 , the inputs are labelled as feature 1 tofeature 5 and the outputs are labelled as output 1 and output 2.

A sequential neural network, such as the one shown in FIG. 12 , is asimple neural network model, which has a linear stack of layers (KerasGoogle group, 2015). The sequential neural network is also referred toas a feed forward neural network. The sequential neural network of FIG.12 has an input layer, two hidden layers and an output layer. The outputof the individual nodes in the output layer can be interpreted as a 0/1,or YES/NO decision of a classification, either directly or afterapplying a suitable threshold.

A supervised training of the neural network can be achieved by adjustingthe weights based on a training dataset. For example, a gradient descentlearning rule, such as a Widrow-Hoff learning rule, or aback-propagation learning rule could be used to train the network ofFIG. 12 .

The medication recommendation system makes use of user data to train andto improve the statistical models used. This is further illustrated bythe data provided below. The data was provided by users of the MigraineBuddy smartphone application (MB) from the United States, Great Britain,Canada and Australia who have recorded outcomes (helpful/unhelpful) ofmigraine medication molecules and are selected as training samples.

The user data can comprise, by way of example, the date and time amigraine started, the date and time a migraine ended, the type ofheadache the patient experiences, the intensity of the migraine pain,the part of head where pain started, a list of aura symptoms reported bythe patient, a list of symptoms reported by the patient (other than aurasymptoms), a list of migraine triggers, a list of activities affected bythe migraine, a list of activities reported by the patient to relievehis migraine (e.g. sleep, etc.), an outcome of medications and reliefsreported by the patient, and the place where migraine pain started.

FIG. 13 shows an example of user data provided by the smartphone users.Features are selected from three different granularities, namelyuser-level, migraine-level and molecule-level. One user can havemultiple migraine records, with several medications possibly consumed ineach record, as shown in FIG. 13 .

The medication recommender makes use of statistical models to predictwhether a molecule would be helpful (classes), and to quantify thedegree of helpfulness (probability). These models consider all recordedmolecules as input. To accomplish this, columns acting as a big matrixare created as features, as shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Samples of molecule columns Migraine_id Molecule 1 ibuprofen 2acetaminophen . . . . . . k-1 sumatriptan k ketoprofen Migraine_idibuprofen acetaminophen sumatriptan . . . ketoprofen sum 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 20 1 0 0 0 1 . . . 0 0 0 1 0 1 k-1 0 0 1 0 0 1 k 0 0 0 0 1 1

In the following, a processing of input data for obtaining a trainingdataset and a test dataset is explained in further detail. The trainingdataset and the test dataset are then used for adjusting parameters ofcomputational statistical models used by the medication recommender ofthe medication recommendation system of FIG. 1 . The processing includesthe processing steps of data pre-processing, extract relevant data froma database, balance a training dataset by undersampling.

1. Preprocessing in Database

Raw data are recorded in different tables of a relational database, forexample of a PostgreSQL Databases.

It is advantageous to process data before extracting it from databasesfor future usage, because most raw data contain inaccuracies andinconsistencies, including but not limited to misspelling andabbreviation. Molecule matching and spell check algorithms are appliedto modify and process raw data.

a. Molecule Matching

The molecule matching algorithm aims to output the active ingredientwhen there is a medication as input. The input may be misspelled,abbreviated and/or contain extraneous information in the form of notetaking. The algorithm looks to isolate relevant information, search inmultiple dictionaries and find the correct form, and return the activeingredient.

In total, three major data sources for medications were used:

i. Migraine Buddy's (MB) databases that have users' records,

ii. Third party reference Drug Database (DD) to deal with newmedications that haven't been recorded in Migraine Buddy's databases and

iii. Manually-created dictionary to deal with special cases such asabbreviations.

The following Table 2 shows samples of molecule matching results, whichwere obtained by processing an input text and matching the processedtext with dictionary entries according to the above-mentioned process.In Table 2, “MB” denotes “Migraine Buddy”, “DD” denotes “Drug Database”and “customized” denotes a customized database.

Dictionary Input Problem Source Output Ibruprophen Misspelling MB'sDatabases Ibuprofen Ibuprofen tablets Stop words MB's DatabasesIbuprofen Frovex New DD's Databases Frovatriptan Ibu AbbreviationCustomized Ibuprofen

b. Spell Check

The spell check algorithm aims to correct free text of users' inputs toproper English words. This algorithm is applied to medical items such astriggers and symptoms so that they can be categorized and applied inmodels.

The majority of users' inputs belongs to less than 6-word sentences.Spell checking algorithm is based on the similarity and edit distancebetween strings. There are three basic principles that this algorithmfollows:

1. choose the nearest/most similar one among all alternative candidates,

2. when two candidates are tied (or nearly tied), i.e. the same editdistance or similar similarity score, choose the most common one(Manning, Raghavan, & Schutze, 2008) and

3. choose the longest candidate when varied length candidates available.

As illustrated in FIG. 14 , the first step of the procedure is cleaningtext, which involves removing punctuations and special characters andsplitting only relevant text into words. Then a list of words is passedto the function that performs a search for exact match. The matchedresults will be saved, and the unmatched text will be passed to anotherfunction that performs match based on similarity scores and editdistance. Within each match function, the function will look for thelongest match with diminishing length until there is no more matchavailable. A simple example is shown in FIG. 15 .

c. Categorization Algorithm

There are more than 122,000 distinct triggers and 61,000 distinctsymptoms recorded on the Migraine Buddy platform. To reduce dimensionsand avoid similarities between items, categorization is necessary bymatching with key words.

2. Extract Relevant Data from Database

SQL is used to query relevant data from databases on the airflowplatform. Extracted data are loaded as pandas DataFrames. Then featureengineering and combinations of DataFrames are processed via Python.Missing values are filled as either median of the column if it's numericor the most frequent item appeared in that column if it's not numeric.For example, if a user did not indicate gender, this user will beconsidered as a female since more than 90% of Migraine Buddy users whoreport a gender are female.

3. Balance Training Dataset by Under-Sampling

Next, the acquired dataset is separated as a training data set (33) anda test dataset (34), which are represented by columns in FIG. 16 . Thetraining data set is also referred to as “training database” and thetest data set is also referred to as “test database”.

At that time, the proportion of test dataset is 10% of original dataset.However, 80% of training records were found to have positive outcomes,with the rest negative.

To solve this unbalancing issue, under-sampling is applied by randomlyselecting the same number of records as minority class from the majorityclass. The effect of undersampling is illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17 .After processing, both classes have the same number of instances in thetraining dataset.

4. Process Data for Respective Models

Different models have different requirements for input datasets. Themedication recommender takes this into account by transforming the inputdata before providing the data as input to a procedure that implements astatistical model.

In the case of basic models, such as logistic regression and decisiontree, and for ensemble models such as random forest and XGBoost,categorical features are first transformed into dummy variables. Thedummy variables are then provided as input data to the respective basicor ensemble model.

In the case of a sequential neural network model, additional processesare performed, including feature standardization, as disclosed forexample in “Pedregosa, et al., 2011” and converting labels to binaryclass matrix, as disclosed for example in “Keras Google group, 2015”.

Features are standardized by subtracting its mean and dividing itsstandard deviation according to the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{{f(x)} = \frac{x - \overset{\_}{x}}{\sigma(x)}} & \end{matrix}$

Finally, after under-sampling, the training dataset contains about200,000 records. A test dataset is created by randomly selecting about1/5 records of the original data set.

According to a specific embodiment, the medication recommender makes useof supervised learning, wherein the supervised learning uses statisticalmodels that are selected from the following five supervised models,which can be categorized according to the following three modelcategories:

-   1. Linear model: logistic regression,-   2. Tree-based models: decision tree, random forest, and XGBoost and-   3. Neural Network: sequential neural network.

FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate a stacking method 58 or stacking model 58.Stacking is an ensemble technique which has two levels aiming to improvethe performance. Unlike sequential and parallel ensemble methods, whichuse the same base algorithm, this technique combines multiple basealgorithms via a meta-algorithm. (Smolyakov, 2017). At level 0, modelswith different base algorithms are trained based on a level-0 trainingdataset. Then the outputs from level-0 are treated as features and asimple meta-algorithm will be trained to generate the final prediction.

In particular, the statistical models can be provided by theabovementioned models, as illustrated in FIG. 19 .

Stacking (sometimes called stacked generalization) involves training alearning algorithm to combine the predictions of several other learningalgorithms. First, all of the other algorithms are trained using theavailable data, then a combiner algorithm or beta model 56 is trained tomake a final prediction using all the predictions of the otheralgorithms as additional inputs.

If an arbitrary combiner algorithm is used, then stacking can representmany different ensemble techniques, although, in practice, a logisticregression model is often used as the combiner. Stacking typically canyield a performance that is better than any single one of the trainedmodels.

FIG. 19 provides a more specific example of a stacking method 58′, inwhich the statistical models 53, 54, 55 of FIG. 18 are provided by arandom forest model 51, an XGBoost model 57 and a sequential neuralnetwork model 52, and in which the beta model 56 is provided by alogistic regression 56′.

By applying the above-mentioned stacking technique, using random forest,XGBoost and neural network as base models at level 0, and applying alogistic regression model at level 1, the accuracy improves further to0.83. The improvement is illustrated in FIG. 20 .

The following table 3 illustrates the improved accuracy achieved bystacking the random forest, XGBoost and sequential neural networkalgorithms using a logistic regression method. As shown in Table 3, astacking by using logistic regression generates higher accuracy thanrandom forest, XGboost and sequential neural network on their own.

TABLE 3 Result of stacking Test accuracy Algorithms Random Forest 0.7876XGboost 0.8001 Sequential Neural Network 0.7643 Stacking Logisticregression 0.8300

Based on the test accuracy, among standalone models, random forest modeland XGBoost model perform the best. These results can be furtherimproved by applying stacking to combine the predictions of randomforest, XGBoost, and neural network models.

The prediction improvement was obtained for the specific test data,models and model parameters of the above-mentioned example and it can beexpected that an improved prediction is in general achieved with amedication recommender using the above-mentioned statistical models anda stacking of those models, at least in the sense that an improvedprediction is achieved on average or in a majority of use cases. Ingeneral, machine learning methods are able to make satisfactorypredictions of outcomes of medications.

The results demonstrate that ensemble techniques such as random forestand XGBoost yield a much better performance than simple models such aslogistic regression and decision tree. However, the sequential neuralnetwork generated a worse result than ensemble methods, which can beattributed to overfitting or to the simple 2-hidden-layer structureapplied in this example. With a small number of hidden layers in theneural network model, it is less likely to generate new hidden featuresto improve the performance.

The confusion matrices for the top performers are displayed in Table4.1-4.4. The relevant metrics are plotted in FIG. 20 .

TABLE 4.1 Random forest confusion matrix 1 0 1 36,455 10,548 0 1,9749,973

TABLE 4.2 XGboost confusion matrix 1 0 1 37,124 9,879 0 1,860 10,087

TABLE 4.3 Neural Network confusion matrix 1 0 1 35,240 11,763 0 2,1319,816

TABLE 4.4 Confusion matrix after stacking 1 0 1 12,029 2,109 0 898 2,649

FIG. 20 shows a comparison between metrics of model performance. Allfour techniques have similar true positive rates (as known as recall)which is higher than 0.9, suggesting that there are more than 90%chances of being correct when the real label is positive. However, thesetechniques have various false positive rates as well as specificity. Thesequential neural network has the lowest specificity, and it performsthe worst among the techniques in terms of accuracy. This suggests thatwhen the real labels are negative, these techniques do not perform asaccurate as the scenario when the real labels are positive. Theprecision is the highest after applying stacking, which also leads tothe highest accuracy. It is suggesting that the model is reliable whenthe prediction is positive.

The most important features used to training the recommender are shownin FIG. 21 where it is shown that the durations of migraines (durationin seconds) play a significant role in the recommender training, inaddition to other features like pain intensity, age, and the number ofsymptoms experienced during a migraine.

The following tables 5.1 and 5.2 show, by way of example, a performanceof statistical models. In table 5.1 the statistical models have defaultparameters.

Model Default test accuracy Logistic regression 0.64 Decision tree 0.78Random forest 0.81 XGboost 0.82 Sequential neural network 0.81

Table 5.2 shows the performance of statistical models after parametertuning.

Model Best Estimators Parameters Discussion Result Logistic C = 0.6 C:inverse of regularization 0.87 regression Fit_intercept = Falsestrength; the smaller the value Penalty = ‘11’ is, the stronger theSolver = ‘liblinear’ regularization effect is. Tol = 0.0001Fit_intercept: specifies if a bias should be added to the decisionfunction. Penalty: specifies the norm used in the penalization. Solver:specifies the solver usee in the optimization problem Tol: tolerance forstopping criteria. (Pedregosa, et al., 2011) Decision Criterion =‘entropy’ Criterion: the function to 0.88 tree Max_depth = 100 measurethe quality of a split. Min_impurity_decrease = 0.0001 ‘entropy’represents information Min_samples_leaf = 1 gain. Min_samples_split = 8Max_depth: the maximum depth of Splitter = ‘best’ the tree.Min_impurity_decrease: threshold to determine whether a node will besplit. Min_sample_split: The minimum number of samples required to splitan internal node. Splitter: the strategy used to choose the split ateach node. ‘best’ is to choose the best split. (Pedregosa, et al., 2011)Random Bootstrap = False Bootstrap: determines whether to 0.95 forestCriterion = ‘gini bootstrap samples when building Max_depth = Nonetrees. Min_impurity_decrease = 0.0 Criterion: same as decision tree.Min_samples_leaf = 1 ‘Entropy’ represents information Min_samples_split= 2 gain. N_estimators = 800 Max_depth: same as decision tree.Min_impurity_decrease: same as decision tree. Min_sample_leaf: theminimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.Min_sample_split: The minimum number of samples required to split aninternal node. N_estimators: determines number of trees in the forest.(Pedregosa, et al., 2011) XGBoost Booster = ‘gbtree’ Booster: whichtechnique to train 0.96 Colsample_bytree = 0.8 the new models. Gamma =0.01 Colsample_bytree: subsample ratio Learning_rate = 0.1 of columnswhen constructing each Max_depth = 12 tree. N_estimators = 500 Gamma:Minimum loss reduction Reg_alpha = 0 required to make a furtherReg_lambda = 0.85 partition on a leaf node of the Subsample = 0.8 tree.Learning rate: step size shrinkage used in update to preventsoverfitting. Max_depth: same as decision tree. Reg_alphal: L1regularization term on weights. Reg_lambda: L2 regularization term onweights. Subsample: subsample ratio of the training instances. (Chen &Guestrin, 2016) Sequential portion = 1 Portion: number of neurons in0.92 eural optimizer = ‘adam’ each layer = portion * number of networkinit_mode = ‘he_uniform’ features epochs = 500 Optimizer: ‘adam’ is analgorithm dropout_rate = 0.05 for first-order gradient-based batch_size= 10,000 optimization of stochastic activation = ‘sigmoid’ objectivefunction. (Kingma & Ba, 2014) Init_mode: initializers that define theway to set the initial random weights of Keras layers. (Keras Googlegroup, 2015) ‘he_uniform’: He uniform variance scaling initializer. (He,Zhang, Ren, & Sun, 2015) Dropout_rate: the percentage of training sampleto be randomly dropped from the neural network during training.(Srivastava, Hinton, Krizhevsky, & Ilya Sutskever, 2014) Epochs: 1 epoch= 1 forward pass + 1 backward pass of the entire training examples.(Keras Google group, 2015) Batch_size: defines number of samples thatgoing to be propagated through the network.(https://stats.stackexchange.com/ users/64943/itdxer), 2016) Activation:activation functions transform linear inputs to non- linear outputs.‘sigmoid’ represents standard logistic function. (R, 2017)

FIG. 22 shows a view of server-side components 26 of the medicationrecommendation system of FIG. 1 . The server components comprise theserver 14, the databased 20 and a medication database 40.

The database 20 stores user data 25, which comprises user data sets 30.Each of the user data sets 30 comprises migraine event data 35,recommendation data 36 and outcome data 37, which are illustrated in thetable at the bottom of FIG. 22 . The recommendation data, which includea medication, are labeled as 41′, 41″, 41′″, 41 ⁽⁴⁾ in FIG. 22 .

The migraine data 35, comprise a duration of the migraine event, anintensity of the migraine event on a 1-10 scale, a pressure at a startof a migraine event, and a pressure variation data during the migraineevent, wherein the pressure is measured in millibar or hectopascal. Inparticular, the pressure variation can be a maximum pressure variationduring the past 12 hours before a reporting time of the migraine eventor before the start of the migraine event. The migraine event data mayalso comprise further data, for example other migraine contributingfactors such as amount of sleep, drug consumption, menstruation etc.

The medication database 40 comprises medication data 43, which are shownin FIG. 23 .

The server 14 is furthermore configured to communicate with a weatherserver 26 and retrieve data from the weather server 26 by sendingrequest messages 27 and receiving response messages 28. The weatherserver 26 is connected to a weather database 31, which comprises timedependent data 32, such as weather data 32. The weather data is obtainedby measuring environment variables of an environment 38, such aspressure and temperature, with an environment sensor 39.

For example, the weather data can comprise an atmospheric pressure upona start time of a migraine attack, a maximum pressure variation in theprevious 12 hours before a migraine attack start time for a locationthat is automatically reported or confirmed by a user device.

In a more general embodiment, the weather server is an external serverwhich comprises time dependent and/or location dependent data, which canbe retrieved using time and/or location data from users of themedication recommendation system 10.

FIG. 23 shows examples of data that is stored on the server-sidecomponents 26 of FIG. 22 .

A medication data table 42, which is stored in the medication database40, comprises information about excluded medication for a user. Inanother embodiment, the exclusion of the medication depends onconditions of a migraine event submitted by the user or on otherconditions and these conditions may be stored in the same table 42 or inanother linked table.

The medication data sets 43 comprise, among others, a medication ID, amedication name, an active molecule content in milligram, a list ofassociated complications, a list of associated indications, a providerID of the medicament and previous success rate of the medicament.

The data of the databases 20, 31 and 40 of FIG. 1 , such as the datashown in the tables of FIGS. 1, 22 and 23 may be stored in table form orin other data structures, such as data objects, XML data structures andso forth. The respective data, such as medication data may be stored inone table or data structure or in multiple tables or data structureswhich are linked with each other, for example by key values.

FIG. 24 shows a process for providing a medication recommendation to anend user and for updating the recommendation process.

In a step 60, user data of a user is transmitted form a client device toa server. In a further step 61, a migraine record of the user istransmitted from the client device to the server. A number of submitteduser records of the user device is counted in a step 62.

If the submitted user record exceeds a minimum count, which is set to 5migraine records in the example of FIG. 24 , a server program uses amigraine record which relates to an ongoing migraine episode and whichis transmitted from the client device to the server in a step 64, toprovide a recommendation.

In a step 65, medications which were prescribed for similar records areretrieved. In other words, the data sets are filtered according tosimilarity criteria. Among others, similar migraine records candetermined by determined by an exact match or by a match within apre-determined range, such as migraine records submitted for the samecontributing factor or for the same age group.

If the server program finds one or more medications among the previouslyidentified medications that have had at least a predetermined successrate, such as a minimum of 30%, the server program selects one of themedications according to a predetermined criterium in a step 66. Forexample, the citerium can be a combination of success rate and previousprice, such as success_rate—weighting_factor*price. If the serverprogram does not find a medication with a successful medication rateamong the similar data sets, the process terminates in a step 67.

Furthermore, the server program retrieves user data of the user to whichthe recommendation is being provided in a step 68. The user datacomprises previous migraine records and previously submittedrecommendations to the user.

If the server program finds that the user data contains a negative userfeedback for the selected medication, and that the selected medicationwas previously recommended under similar conditions as the currentlysubmitted migraine record, the server program searches for a next bestmedication among the previously identified medications in step 68. If nosuch medication is found, the process terminates in the step 67.

In a further step 69, the recommended medication and/or otherrecommendations is transmitted from the server to the device of theuser, for example over a wireless connection.

Furthermore, a request for user feedback is generated after apredetermined time or after data is received according to which the userhas applied the recommended medication.

The request for user feedback is generated on the user device or it isgenerated on the server and is sent from the server to the user device.In a step 70, the server program receives a user feedback message. Thestatistical model for generating the generation is adjusted or improvedin step 71 or in step 72. If the user feedback is negative, the negativefeedback is stored on the server such that is linked to the user and tothe migraine event for which the recommended medication is provided.

By storing the negative feedback, a recommended medication that receiveda negative user feedback can be excluded from a recommended medication,and a different medication can be chosen instead when the user reportsanother migraine event. Furthermore, the server can check whether theconditions provided by data of the reported migraine event are similarto the conditions reported with the migraine event that has received thenegative feedback and only in this case exclude the previouslyrecommended medication.

In particular, the prediction model may comprise a statistical modelwhich can be adjusted based on the received user feedback. Among others,the statistical model may be provided by one of the previously describedstatistical models, such as a decision tree, an ensemble of decisiontrees, such as a random forest, a neural network or an XBoost method.The statistical model may also comprise one or more furtherclassification methods with adjustable parameters, such as a supportvector machine, a statistical model based on a principal componentcomputation or others.

The adjustment of the statistical model or of the parameters of thestatistical model, such as an adjustment of weights and/or connectionsof a neural network, and thereby improving an average predictionaccuracy and/or an amount of positive user feedback is also referred toas “machine learning”.

If the user feedback is negative, the user feedback is stored in adatabase of the server in order to avoid providing the medication whichhas caused the negative feedback under the same or similar conditions.

Furthermore, the user feedback the step 72 of improving the model mayalso comprise storing the positive user feedback.

A method for providing a medication according FIG. 24 can also becarried out according to the below mentioned steps.

Each Migraine Buddy user creates a unique account in order to use theapp.

Each time the user hits a “Confirm” button in the app (there is a“Confirm” button at the bottom of each record screen and at the bottomof each settings screen), the app connects to the server andsynchronizes the account data with the most recent changes, providingthe device is connected to the internet. If the device is not connectedto the internet, synchronization will take place next time a “confirm”button is hit while the device has internet access.

Data export and log out requests are only possible while the device hasinternet access, as both actions trigger a full synchronization with theserver.

The user records the following optional data in Migraine Buddy:

-   -   Profile (age, gender, etc.)    -   Health history (preventive medication, other conditions, etc.)    -   Settings (willingness to share information for research purpose,        willingness to receive notifications etc.)    -   Daily tracker (daily activities that may be trigger attacks)    -   Sleep (daily sleep records)    -   Attacks (migraines attacks with up to 14 tracked settings)    -   Survey/questions answers (such as feedback survey on the        efficiency of prior medication recommendations)

The medication recommendation engine requires a minimum of informationin order to generate a recommendation:

-   -   Profile (age, gender)    -   Settings (authorization to analyze attack records in order to        generate a recommendation, authorization to push a notification)    -   5 completed migraine attack records

Providing the above has been fully completed and synchronized with theserver, let's assume that the user creates a sixth attack record on hisMigraine Buddy app, while having internet access:

-   -   Start date and no end date (meaning that the attack is ongoing)        and confirms    -   Attack type and confirms    -   Pain intensity and confirms    -   Pain onset and confirms    -   Medication used and confirms    -   Symptoms and confirms    -   Aura and prodrome and confirms    -   Location and confirms    -   Menstruation and confirms

Then confirms the record as ongoing by hitting the “Confirm” button.

This last action will trigger a synchronization of the attack record onthe server, with status “ongoing”. As all prior minimum information andauthorizations on user account are met, the server will launchimmediately the Medication recommendation engine for this user andattack.

The engine will retrieve the following data:

-   -   Current attack duration based on start time and date    -   Current attack type    -   Current attack pain intensity    -   Current attack pain onset    -   Current attack used medication    -   Current attack symptoms    -   Current attack aura and prodrome    -   Current attack menstrual period    -   Weather information (pressure, humidity and temperature        variations prior to attack start) from a weather data service        provider, based on current attack's start time and location    -   User profile (age, gender)    -   Last 5 attacks data: attack duration, attack type, pain        intensity, pain onset, used medication, used medication relief        scale, aura and prodrome, menstrual period, location)    -   Last 5 days of Daily tracker information (if available)    -   Last night's sleep record (if available)    -   History of user medication recommendation feedback (if        available)

The engine will then pull similar records from similar users (age group,gender) in the hundreds of millions of attack records in the server andcreate a temporary table with these records.

Providing the table contains at least 1000 records, it will retrieve:

-   -   Every recommended medication fed back as useful    -   Every medication recorded as useful

If the most reported useful medication occurrence reaches 30%, whichimplies in the case of 1000 records that the medication has beenreported as useful in 300 or more instances, then the medicationrecommendation engine checks whether this medication has already beenrecommended to the user in similar attack conditions. Providing nonegative user feedback was given for this medication in similar attackconditions, the engine will return a positive result to the server withthis medication, treatment and success frequency.

The server will subsequently generate a push notification to the useraccount, that will pop up immediately on every user device with internetaccess, on which Migraine Buddy app is installed and user account loggedin.

The push notification message will be as such: “in similar conditions,MedX 10 mg is useful for 63% migraine buddy users. Hope you get wellsoon”.

Once the server receives the confirmation that the attack record hasbeen confirmed as ended (i.e. it has an end date and time and has beenconfirmed on the user's device, that synchronized the information backto the server), the server will send a push notification to the user,that will open a two-question survey:

-   -   Question 1: did you take the recommended medication? (YES/NO)    -   If the answer is YES, Question 2: was the medication helpful?        (YES/NO)

The answers to the survey are sent to the server and added to the attackrecord as medication recommendation feedback. A medication that did notprove to be useful to the user will not be recommended again in similarconditions.

The following table 6 provides an example of migraine event data, whichis used to generate a recommendation, in particular a recommendedmedication. Among others, the migraine event data can be provided byself-reported data which are input by a user on a client device by usingan input form of an application that is installed on the client device,by sensors which are connected to the client device or the data can alsobe retrieved from the client device or from a server device over aninternet connection. For example, values such as a wake up time or ablood pressure can be collected by sensors that are connected to a bodyof a user of the client device or the user of the client device can typein these data as input values.

Name of Reporting variable granularity Description Date Event Referencedate for all other variables Migrain duration Event Recorded duration ofmigraine Pain intensity Event Average pain level reported acrossmigraine(s) recorded per user. Per migraine the records the highest painlevel associated with the observed migraine. (0 for no-pain. 1-10 withthe smileys, figures and functional impairment description). Reportsanxiety Event True if the patient reported anxiety at any point duringthe migraine recorded that day Reports depression Event True if thepatient reported depression at any point during the migraine recordedthat day Reports being Event True if the patient reported being affectedat affected at work work (but not missing work) at any point during themigraine recorded that day Reports missing work Event True if thepatient reported missing work at any point during the migraine recordedthat day Reported location Event Name of reported location at time ofthe migraine All reported triggers Event All triggers reported duringthe day, comma separated All reported symptoms Event All symptomsreported during the day, comma separated All reported auras Event Allauras reported during the day, comma separated All reported affectedEvent All affected activities reported during the day, activities commaseparated All reported medications Event All affected medication &reliefs reported and reliefs during the day, comma separated Allreported outcomes Event All affected outcomes reported during the day,comma separated [maps to the medication & reliefs, one by one, sameorder] Nb of triggers Event Count of triggers reported by user acrosstheir migraine(s) recorded on that day Nb of symptoms Event Count ofsymptoms reported by user across their migraine(s) recorded on that dayNb of auras Event Count of auras reported by user across theirmigraine(s) recorded on that day Nb of affected Event Count of affectedactivities reported by user activities across their migraine(s) recordedon that day Nb acute medication Event Nb of doses of acute medicationtaken doses Nb unique acute Event Count of unique medication moleculesreported by medication molecules user across their migraine(s) recordedper day Nb otc doses Event Total doses of OTC medication taken by thepatient on all migraines recorded that day Nb triptans doses Event Totaldoses of Trptan medication taken by the patient on all migrainesrecorded that day Nb opioids doses Event Total doses of opioidsmedication taken by the patient on all migraines recorded that day Nbother RX doses Event Total doses of other RX medication taken by thepatient on all migraines recorded that day OTC outcome Event Thehelpfulness recorded by the subject for the OTC (scale: “helpful”,“somewhat helpful” or “unhelpful”). If several molecules of a categorywere recorded, the average helpfulness value is given (values: “helpful”= 1.0, “somewhat helpful” = 0.5, “unhelpful” = 0.0). Triptan outcomeEvent The helpfulness recorded by the subject for the Triptan (scale:“helpful”, “somewhat helpful” or “unhelpful”). If several molecules of acategory were recorded, the average helpfulness value is given (values:“helpful” = 1.0, “somewhat helpful” = 0.5, “unhelpful” = 0.0). Opioidsoutcome Event The helpfulness recorded by the subject for the Opioid(scale: “helpful”, “somewhat helpful” or “unhelpful”). If severalmolecules of a category were recorded, the average helpfulness value isgiven (values: “helpful” = 1.0, “somewhat helpful” = 0.5, “unhelpful” =0.0). Other RX outcome Event The helpfulness recorded by the subject forthe Other RX (scale: “helpful”, “somewhat helpful” or “unhelpful”). Ifseveral molecules of a category were recorded, the average helpfulnessvalue is given (values: “helpful” = 1.0, “somewhat helpful” = 0.5,“unhelpful” = 0.0). Pain position: Event True if the patient recordedpain on the left Left Side side of the head during that day, else FalsePain position: Event True if the patient recorded pain on the rightRight Side side of the head during that day, else False Start of EventFirst record of a prophylactic molecule prophylaxis treatment Moleculeof Event Molecule used for prophylaxis prophylaxis treatment End ofprophylaxis Event User reports end of prophylaxis (non-report treatmenttracking) or no prophylaxis recorded for X months (3 month foranti-CGRP/Botox, 1 month for others). N/A if current treatment ison-going. Weather: Atmospheric 3 hours Median in hPa (millibars)aggregated from per Pressure before minute data event start to eventstart Weather: Temperature 3 hours Median in C aggregated from perminute data before event start to event start Weather: Relative 3 hoursMedian in % (relative humidity) aggregated from Humidity before perminute data event start to event start Acceleration Sensor: 3 hoursMedian aggregated from per minute data X-axis in m/s2 before event startto event start Acceleration Sensor: 3 hours Median aggregated from perminute data Y-axis in m/s2 before event start to event startAcceleration Sensor: 3 hours Median aggregated from per minute dataZ-axis in m/s2 before event start to event start Sleep: Wake up timeEvent Time of wake up, in the patient's local time Sleep: Variation withEvent Time of wake up − Average Time of wake up (past usual wake up time3 months) Sleep: Duration Event Duration of sleep in hours during theprevious night Sleep: Nb of Event Number of interruptions throughoutsleep interruptions

The embodiments can also be described with the following two lists ofelements being organized into items, which can be combined with theembodiments of the specification.

-   1. A recommendation system for rating of medications for migraine    based on self-reported data, capable of suggestion, prediction, and    ranking of outcome of migraine medications on case by case basis.-   2. The recommendation system of item 1, wherein the medication can    be administered using any of the common routes including enteral,    parenteral and topical routes.-   3. The recommendation system of item 1, wherein self-reported data    is collected from data, the data being collected worldwide and    stored on a central repository database server.-   4. The recommendation system of item 3, wherein the mode of    collection can be either active reporting through a form or passive    acquisition through a sensor.-   5. The recommendation system of item 1, wherein the recommendation    system comprises a recommendation engine, the recommendation engine    making use of data processing, the data processing comprising    machine learning models.-   6. The recommendation system according to item 5, wherein input    parameters to the recommendation engine include combinations of    symptoms, triggers, demographics, environment parameters, previous    drug outcome.-   7. The recommendation system of item 5, wherein the data processing    includes a molecule matcher, a spell checker and a categorizer.-   8. The recommendation system of item 7, wherein an input medication    of the molecule matcher is translated into an active ingredient    through use of a drug dictionary, previous input data, a custom    dictionary or a combination thereof.-   9. The recommendation system of item 7, wherein the spell checker    corrects the misspelled words based on similarity and edit distance.-   10. The recommendation system of item 7, wherein the categorizer    categorizes symptoms, triggers and other medical terms.-   11. The recommendation system of item 5, wherein the recommendation    engine comprises machine learning models, the machine learning    models comprising a stacking with XGBoost, Random Forest, and    sequential neural networks techniques.-   12. The recommendation system of item 5, wherein a prediction    accuracy increases iteratively upon arrival of more new data    records.-   1. A recommendation system for prediction and ranking of medications    for migraine based on self-reported data, the recommendation system    comprising    -   a server device, the server device comprising a server database,    -   a client computer device, with an environment sensor for        measuring an environment variable, with a computer memory, the        computer memory comprising a recommendation application and a        client database, and with a communication means for        communicating with the server device over a communication link,    -   the recommendation application being operative to receive        self-reported data of a user of the client computer device over        a user interface of the recommendation application, to receive        environment data from the environment sensor, and to retrieve        user-specific data from the client database,    -   to generate a recommendation request message, the recommendation        request message comprising the self-reported data, the        environment data, and the retrieved user-specific data,    -   to send the recommendation request message over the        communication link, using the communication means, wherein the        server device is operative    -   to receive the recommendation request message,    -   to retrieve recommendation related data from the server        database,    -   to derive a recommendation within a pre-determined request        response time, the deriving of the recommendation comprising        applying at least one statistical procedure to the input data to        obtain recommendation output data, the input data comprising        data of the recommendation request message and the        recommendation related data,    -   the at least one statistical procedure comprising at least one        of a random forest method, a gradient boost method and a        sequential neural network method, the server device further        being operative    -   to generate a recommendation response message, the        recommendation response message comprising the recommendation        output data,    -   to send the recommendation response message to the client device        over the communication link.-   2. The recommendation system of item 1, wherein the server device is    operative to collect self-reported data from a multitude of other    users from different countries and to store the self-reported data    in the server database.-   3. The recommendation system according to item 2, wherein the server    device is operative to transmit model data to the mobile device,    such that a prediction accuracy of the medication recommendation is    enhanced, wherein the model data is derived from the collected    self-reported data of the multitude of other users.-   4. The recommendation system of one of the items 1 to 3, wherein the    mode of collection comprises active reporting through a form of the    recommendation application and/or passive acquisition through a    sensor of the at least one environment sensor.-   5. The recommendation system of one of the items 1 to 4, wherein the    client computer device is further operative to identify and display    a recommended form of administration of a migraine medication, the    form of administration being selected from enteral, parenteral and    topical routes of administration.-   6. The recommendation system of item 5, wherein the client computing    device can be a mobile computer device or a wearable computer device    or any non-mobile computing device or alike.-   7. The medication recommendation system of one of the items 1 to 6,    wherein the input data to the at least one statistical procedure    comprises symptoms, triggers, demographics, environment, or previous    drug outcome of the user, or a combination thereof.-   8. The medication recommendation system according to one of the    items 1 to 7, wherein the client device is further operative to    process the self-reported data, wherein the data processing    comprising one or more of molecule matching, spell checking, and    categorizing symptoms, triggers, medical terms and medications.-   9. The recommendation system according to one of the items 1 to 8,    wherein the client computer device or the server device is operative    to translate an input medication provided by a user of the mobile    computer device into an active ingredient, through use of drug    dictionary, previous self-reported data, a custom dictionary, or a    combination thereof.-   10. The recommendation system according to one of the items 1 to 8,    wherein the client computer device is operative, through use of a    spell checker, to correct misspelled words of the self-reported data    based on similarity and edit distance in relation to stored words in    MB database, or drug database, or a combination thereof.-   11. The recommendation system according to one of the preceding    items 1 to 10, wherein the mobile device is operative to categorize    symptoms, triggers and other medical terms by comparison with data    in the client database and/or the server device.-   12. The recommendation system according to one of the preceding    items 1 to 11, wherein the machine learning models include stacking    with XGBoost, Random Forest, sequential neural networks techniques,    or a combination thereof.-   13. The recommendation system according to one of the preceding    items 1 to 12, wherein the server device is operative to synchronize    user data between different devices, the synchronizing comprising    determining a time overlap between user data relating to a first    migraine event and a second migraine event and determining, based on    the time overlap, whether the first migraine event and the second    migraine event corresponds to the same migraine event, and, if it is    determined that the first migraine event and the second migraine    event correspond to the same migraine event, merging the data of the    first migraine event with the data of the second migraine event.-   14. A recommendation method for a rating of medications for migraine    based on self-reported data, the recommendation system comprising a    server device, the server device comprising a server database, and a    client computer device with an environment sensor for measuring an    environment variable, with a computer memory, the computer memory    comprising a recommendation application and a client database, and    with a communication means for communicating with the server device    over a communication link, the method comprising    -   receiving self-reported data of a user of the client computer        device over a user interface of the recommendation application,    -   receiving environment data from the environment sensor, and    -   retrieving user-specific data from the client database,    -   generating a recommendation request message, the recommendation        request message comprising the self-reported data, the        environment data, and the retrieved user-specific data,    -   sending the recommendation request message over the        communication link, using the communication means, receiving the        recommendation request message, retrieving recommendation        related data from the server database,    -   deriving a recommendation within a pre-determined request        response time, the deriving of the recommendation comprising        applying at least one statistical procedure to the input data to        obtain recommendation output data, the input data comprising        data of the recommendation request message and the        recommendation related data,    -   the at least one statistical procedure comprising at least one        of a random forest method, a gradient boost method and a        sequential neural network method,    -   generating a recommendation response message, the recommendation        response message comprising the recommendation output data,    -   sending the recommendation response message to the client device        over the communication link.-   15. The recommendation method of item 14, further comprising    collecting self-reported data from a multitude of other users from    different countries and to store the self-reported data in the    server database.-   16. The recommendation method of item 15, further comprising    retrieving model data from the server database and transmitting    model data to the mobile device, such that a prediction accuracy of    the medication recommendation is enhanced, wherein the model data is    derived from the collected self-reported data of the multitude of    other users.-   17. The recommendation method of one of the items 14 to 16, wherein    a data collection comprises active reporting through a form of the    recommendation application and/or passive acquisition through a    sensor of the at least one environment sensor.-   18. The recommendation method of one of the items 14 to 17, further    comprising identifying and displaying a recommended form of    administration of a migraine medication, the form of administration    being selected from enteral, parenteral and topical routes of    administration.-   19. The recommendation method of item 18, wherein the client    computer device is a mobile computer device or a wearable computer    device.-   20. The recommendation method of one of the items 14 to 19, wherein    the input data to the at least one statistical procedure comprises    symptoms, triggers, demographics, environment, or previous drug    outcome of the user, or a combination thereof.-   21. The recommendation method according to one of the items 14 to    20, further comprising processing the self-reported data, wherein    the data processing comprising one or more of molecule matching,    spell checking, and categorizing symptoms, triggers, medical terms    and medications.-   22. The recommendation method according to one of the items 14 to    21, wherein the client computer device or the server device is    operative to translate an input medication provided by a user of the    mobile computer device into an active ingredient, through use of    drug dictionary, previous self-reported data, a custom dictionary,    or a combination thereof.-   23. The recommendation method according to one of the items 14 to    22, further comprising correcting, through use of a spell checker,    misspelled words of the self-reported data based on similarity    and/or edit distance in relation to stored words in the client    database.-   24. The recommendation method according to any one of the items 14    to 23, wherein the mobile device is operative to categorize    symptoms, triggers and other medical terms by comparison with data    in the client database and/or the server device.-   25. The recommendation method according to any one of the items 14    to 24, wherein the machine learning models include stacking with    XGBoost, Random Forest, sequential neural networks techniques, or a    combination thereof.-   26. The recommendation method according to one of the items 14 to    25, further comprising synchronizing user data between different    devices, the synchronizing comprising determining a time overlap    between user data relating to a first migraine event and a second    migraine event and determining, based on the time overlap, whether    the first migraine event and the second migraine event corresponds    to the same migraine event, and, if it is determined that the first    migraine event and the second migraine event correspond to the same    migraine event, merging the data of the first migraine event with    the data of the second migraine event.

Although the above description contains much specificity, these shouldnot be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments but merelyproviding illustration of the foreseeable embodiments. Especially theabove stated advantages of the embodiments should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the embodiments but merely to explain possibleachievements if the described embodiments are put into practice. Thus,the scope of the embodiments should be determined by the claims andtheir equivalents, rather than by the examples given.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

-   “Ricci, F., Rokach, L., & Shapira, B. (2011)”: “Introduction to    Recommender Systems Handbook”, in Recommender Systems Handbook (pp.    1-35), Springer.-   “Pedregosa, et al., 2011”: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of    Machine Learning Research, 2825-2830.-   “Keras Google group, 2015”: Keras Google group. (2015, June 7),    “Keras: The Python Deep Learning library”. Retrieved from Keras    Documentation: https://keras.io/-   “Chen & Guestrin, 2016”: Chen, T., & Guestrin, C., 2016, “XGBoost: A    Scalable Tree Boosting System”, Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD    International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp.    785-794), San Francisco: ACM.-   “Kingma & Ba, 2014”: Kingma, D. P., & Ba, J. (2014), “Adam: A Method    for Stochastic Optimization”, arXiv:1412.6980-   “He, Zhang, Ren, & Sun, 2015”: He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J.    (2015), “Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level    Performance on ImageNet Classification”, arXiv:1502.01852-   “Srivastava, Hinton, Krizhevsky, & Ilya Sutskever, 2014”:    Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Ilya Sutskever, R.    Salakhutdinov (2014), “Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural    Networks from Overfitting”, Journal of Machine Learning Research 15    (2014), pages 1929-1958.-   “Smolyakov, 2017”: Smolyakov, V. (22 Aug. 2017), “Ensemble Learning    to Improve Machine Learning Results”, retrieved from Stats and Bots:    https://blog.statsbot.co/ensemble-learning-d1dcd548e936-   “Manning, Raghavan, & Schutze, 2008”: Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P.,    & Schutze, H. (2008), “Introduction to Information Retrieval”,    Cambridge University Press.

 5 computer readable memory  6 computer readable program  7 server datamessage  8 user data message  9 user application 10 drug recommendationsystem 11 mobile phone, device 12 laptop, device 13 device 14 server 15mobile phone 16 mobile phone sensors 17 external sensor 18 externalsensor 19 user 20 database 21 communication link 22 communication link23 communication link 24 communication link 25 user data 26 weatherserver/external server 27 request message 28 response message 30 userdata set 31 external database 32 time dependent data 33 training dataset 34 test data set 35 migraine event data 36 recommendation data 37outcome data 38 environment conditions 39 environment sensor 40medication database 41 medication recommendation 42 medication datatable 43 medication data sets 50, 50′, 50″, 50″′ decision tree 51 randomforest 52 neural network 53 statistical model 54 statistical model 55statistical model 56 beta model 56′ logistic regression 57 XGBoost model58, 58′ stacking model 60 method step 61 method step 62 decision step 63method step 64 method step 65 method step 66 decision step 67termination step 68 decision step 69 method step 70 method step 71decision step 72 method step 73 method step

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a data storecomprising a program of instructions; and, a processor operably coupledto the data store such that, when the processor executes the program ofinstructions, the processor causes health event prediction modeloperations to be performed to generate an environmentally-responsivetherapy prediction, the operations comprising: receive, via a firstelectronic message from a client device of a user, a first health eventprofile (HEP) comprising a first time corresponding to onset of a firsthealth event of the user and a first location corresponding to alocation of the user; generate and transmit to a weather server aweather retrieval message (WRM) comprising the first time and the firstlocation; generate, in response to receiving from the weather server aweather message comprising a first atmospheric pressure corresponding tothe first time and the first location, a first weather-enriched HEPcomprising the first HEP and the first atmospheric pressure; apply amedication recommendation model (MRM) to the first weather-enriched HEPto determine a recommended medication as a function of at least thefirst weather-enriched HEP and at least one historical outcome-enrichedHEP, wherein each historical outcome-enriched HEP comprises aweather-enriched HEP corresponding to a historical health event, acorresponding recommended medication, and a corresponding indicationwhether the recommended medication was successful; generate arecommendation message comprising the recommended medication; generate arequest message containing a first prompt for the user to input whethera medication was taken according to the recommendation message, and asecond prompt for the user to input whether the medication wassuccessful; generate and store, in response to receiving from the clientdevice an outcome message containing an outcome profile (OP) generatedfrom user input in response to the request message, an outcome-enrichedHEP comprising the weather-enriched HEP and the OP; and, generate anadjusted MRM based on the outcome-enriched HEP.
 2. The system of claim1, the operations further comprising: if the OP corresponds to inputfrom the user, in response to the second prompt, indicating that themedication was not successful, then generate and transmit to the clientdevice for storage a medication non-recommendation message correspondingto the recommended medication.
 3. The system of claim 1, the operationsfurther comprising: receiving a second HEP corresponding to a secondhealth event from a second client device; determining a first useridentification (UID) from the first HEP and a second UID from the secondHEP; if the second UID is identical to the first UID, then: determiningfrom the first HEP a first health event end time, the first time being afirst health event start time; determining from the second HEP a secondhealth event start time and a second health event end time; if there isan overlap in time between the first health event and the second healthevent, then apply a data collision rule that prevents separate HEPs frombeing retained for the first health event and the second health event.4. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first HEP further comprises anenvironment profile generated from at least one environment sensor ofthe client device, and, apply the MRM to the first weather-enriched HEPfurther determines the recommended medication as a function of theenvironment profile.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: the MRMcomprises a decision tree, and, generate an adjusted MRM includesadjustment operations comprising: generate a training data setcomprising a plurality of historical outcome-enriched HEPs, wherein eachhistorical outcome-enriched HEP comprises a weather-enriched HEPcorresponding to a historical health event, a corresponding recommendedmedication, and a corresponding indication whether the recommendedmedication was successful; starting from a root node, split the trainingdata set in two branches using a decision rule to generate a new childnode for each of the two branches, wherein the decision rule is chosento maximize an information gain; and, for each new child node, repeatthe split until the training data set cannot be split any further. 6.The system of claim 1, wherein: the MRM comprises a decision tree, theOP corresponds to input from the user, in response to the second prompt,indicating if the medication was successful, and, generate an adjustedMRM includes adjustment operations comprising: generate updated valuesof branching criteria of nodes of the decision tree based onoutcome-enriched HEP comprising the OP corresponding to the indicationif the medication was successful.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: theMRM comprises a random forest, and, generate an adjusted MRM includesadjustment operations comprising: generate a training data set and atest data set, each comprising a corresponding plurality of historicaloutcome-enriched HEPs, wherein each historical outcome-enriched HEPcomprises a weather-enriched HEP corresponding to a historical healthevent, a corresponding recommended medication, and a correspondingindication whether the recommended medication was successful; generate arandom forest MRM using the training data set; and, apply the randomforest MRM to the test data set to determine an accuracy of the randomforest MRM.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: the MRM comprises agradient boosting trees model, and, generate an adjusted MRM includesadjustment operations comprising: (a) generate a training data setcomprising a plurality of historical outcome-enriched HEPs, wherein eachhistorical outcome-enriched HEP comprises a weather-enriched HEPcorresponding to a historical health event, a corresponding recommendedmedication, and a corresponding indication whether the recommendedmedication was successful; (b) generate a first adjusted MRM fitting thetraining data set; (c) determining a first difference between apredicted output of the adjusted MRM and a ground truth of the trainingdata set; (d) generate a first new model fitting the first difference;(e) generate a second adjusted MRM as a sum of the first adjusted MRMand the first new model; (f) repeating steps (c)-(e) until apredetermined accuracy of prediction between the predicted output andthe ground truth is reached; (g) determining a second difference betweenthe predicted output of the second adjusted MRM and the training dataset; (h) generate a second new model fitting the second difference; and,(i) generate the adjusted MRM as a sum of the second adjusted MRM andthe second new model.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein: the MRMcomprises a gradient boosting trees model, and, generate an adjusted MRMincludes adjustment operations comprising: generate a training data setcomprising a plurality of historical outcome-enriched HEPs, wherein eachhistorical outcome-enriched HEP comprises a weather-enriched HEPcorresponding to a historical health event, a corresponding recommendedmedication, and a corresponding indication whether the recommendedmedication was successful; and, generate a sequence of decision trees bysequence generation operations comprising: (a) generate a first decisiontree fitting the training data set; (b) apply the first decision tree tothe training data set to generate an output of the first decision tree;(c) determine a first difference between the training data set and theoutput of the first decision tree; (d) determine a loss function fromthe first difference; (e) determine a gradient of the loss function; (f)determine a second decision tree as a function of the gradient; (g)generate a first adjusted MRM as a sum of the output of the firstdecision tree and an output of the second decision tree; and, (h)repeating steps (c)-(g) until a predetermined accuracy of predictionbetween the training data set and the output of the first decision treeis reached.
 10. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprisinggenerate a health event prediction model.
 11. The system of claim 1,wherein the first health event comprises a neurological disease event.12. The system of claim 11, wherein the neurological disease eventcomprises a migraine event.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the firstHEP comprises a migraine event profile (MEP).
 14. The system of claim 1,the operations further comprising transmit, to the client device, atleast one of: the recommendation message and the request message.
 15. Acomputer-implemented method performed by at least one processor togenerate an environmentally-responsive therapy prediction, the methodcomprising: receive, via a first electronic message from a client deviceof a user, a first health event profile (HEP) comprising a first timecorresponding to onset of a first health event of the user and a firstlocation corresponding to a location of the user; generate and transmitto a weather server a weather retrieval message (WRM) comprising thefirst time and the first location; generate, in response to receivingfrom the weather server a weather message comprising a first atmosphericpressure corresponding to the first time and the first location, a firstweather-enriched HEP comprising the first HEP and the first atmosphericpressure; apply a medication recommendation model (MRM) to the firstweather-enriched HEP to determine a recommended medication as a functionof at least the first weather-enriched HEP and at least one historicaloutcome-enriched HEP, wherein each historical outcome-enriched HEPcomprises a weather-enriched HEP corresponding to a historical healthevent, a corresponding recommended medication, and a correspondingindication whether the recommended medication was successful; generate arecommendation message comprising the recommended medication; generate arequest message containing a first prompt for the user to input whethera medication was taken according to the recommendation message, and asecond prompt for the user to input whether the medication wassuccessful; generate and store, in response to receiving from the clientdevice an outcome message containing an outcome profile (OP) generatedfrom user input in response to the request message, an outcome-enrichedHEP comprising the weather-enriched HEP and the OP; and, generate anadjusted MRM based on the outcome-enriched HEP.
 16. The method of claim15, further comprising generate a health event prediction model.
 17. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the first health event comprises aneurological disease event.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein theneurological disease event comprises a migraine event.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the first HEP comprises a migraine event profile(MEP).
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising transmit, to theclient device, at least one of: the recommendation message and therequest message.
 21. A computer program product (CPP) comprising aprogram of instructions tangibly embodied on a non-transitory computerreadable medium wherein, when the instructions are executed on aprocessor, the processor causes health event prediction model operationsto be performed to generate an environmentally-responsive therapyprediction, the operations comprising: receive, via a first electronicmessage from a client device of a user, a first health event profile(HEP) comprising a first time corresponding to onset of a first healthevent of the user and a first location corresponding to a location ofthe user; generate and transmit to a weather server a weather retrievalmessage (WRM) comprising the first time and the first location;generate, in response to receiving from the weather server a weathermessage comprising a first atmospheric pressure corresponding to thefirst time and the first location, a first weather-enriched HEPcomprising the first HEP and the first atmospheric pressure; apply amedication recommendation model (MRM) to the first weather-enriched HEPto determine a recommended medication as a function of at least thefirst weather-enriched HEP and at least one historical outcome-enrichedHEP, wherein each historical outcome-enriched HEP comprises aweather-enriched HEP corresponding to a historical health event, acorresponding recommended medication, and a corresponding indicationwhether the recommended medication was successful; generate arecommendation message comprising the recommended medication; generate arequest message containing a first prompt for the user to input whethera medication was taken according to the recommendation message, and asecond prompt for the user to input whether the medication wassuccessful; generate and store, in response to receiving from the clientdevice an outcome message containing an outcome profile (OP) generatedfrom user input in response to the request message, an outcome-enrichedHEP comprising the weather-enriched HEP and the OP; and, generate anadjusted MRM based on the outcome-enriched HEP.
 22. The CPP of claim 21,the operations further comprising generate a health event predictionmodel.
 23. The CPP of claim 21, wherein the first health event comprisesa neurological disease event.
 24. The CPP of claim 23, wherein theneurological disease event comprises a migraine event.
 25. The CPP ofclaim 21, wherein the first HEP comprises a migraine event profile(MEP).
 26. The CPP of claim 21, the operations further comprisingtransmit, to the client device, at least one of: the recommendationmessage and the request message.